100 mya Hallucigenia 1,500 3,500

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1 1 1 m Dimetrodon 0.5 m 100 mya Rhomaleosaurus victor Tiktaalik 4.5 cm Coccosteus cuspidatus Hallucigenia 1 cm Stromatolites cm Dickinsonia costata 1,500 3,500 Tappania 2

Fraction of parent isotope remaining ½ Remaining parent isotope Accumulating daughter isotope ¼ ⅛ 1 16 1 2 3 4 Time (half-lives) 3 OTHER

Reptiles (including dinosaurs and birds) Very late (nonmammalian) cynodonts Mammals Key to skull bones Articular Quadrate Early cynodont (260

2 Fraction of parent isotope remaining ½ Remaining parent isotope Accumulating daughter isotope ¼ ⅛ Time (half-lives) 3 OTHER TETRA- PODS Synapsids Synapsid (300 mya) Temporal fenestra Hinge Therapsids Therapsid (280 mya) Temporal fenestra Cynodonts Dimetrodon Reptiles (including dinosaurs and birds) Very late (nonmammalian) cynodonts Mammals Key to skull bones Articular Quadrate Early cynodont (260 mya) Temporal fenestra (partial view) Hinge Later cynodont (220 mya) Original hinge New hinge Dentary Squamosal Very late cynodont (195 mya) Hinge Hinge 4

3 Lineage A Common ancestor of lineages A and B Lineage B Millions of years ago 5 Crust Mantle Outer core Inner core 6

5 mya Cenozoic Eurasia Africa South India America Madagascar North America Antarctica Australia Collision of

4 Juan de Fuca Cocos Pacific North American Caribbean Nazca South American Scotia Arabian African Eurasian Indian Antarctic Philippine Australian 7 Present 45 mya 65.5 mya Cenozoic Eurasia Africa South India America Madagascar North America Antarctica Australia Collision of India with Eurasia Present-day continents 135 mya Mesozoic Laurasia Gondwana Laurasia and Gondwana landmasses 251 mya Paleozoic Pangaea The supercontinent Pangaea 8

Mantellinae (Madagascar only): 100 species Rhacophorinae (India/southeast Asia): 310 species 80 60 40 20 0 1

million years): 25 20 15 10 5 0 Era Period 0 Paleozoic Mesozoic Cenozoic E O S D C P Tr J C P N Q 542 488

5 Mantellinae (Madagascar only): 100 species Rhacophorinae (India/southeast Asia): 310 species Millions of years ago (mya) 1 2 India Madagascar 88 mya 56 mya 9 Total extinction rate (families per million years): Era Period 0 Paleozoic Mesozoic Cenozoic E O S D C P Tr J C P N Q ,100 1, Number of families: Time (mya) 10

extinction rate of marine animal genera 2 1 0

6 Yucatán Peninsula NORTH AMERICA Chicxulub crater 11 3 Mass extinctions Relative extinction rate of marine animal genera Cooler Warmer Relative temperature

Predator genera (%) 50 40 30 20 10 Permian mass extinction Cretaceous mass extinction 0 Era

7 Predator genera (%) Permian mass extinction Cretaceous mass extinction 0 Era Period Paleozoic Mesozoic Cenozoic E O S D C P Tr J C P N Q 0 Time (mya) 13 Ancestral mammal ANCESTRAL CYNODONT Monotremes (5 species) Marsupials (324 species) Time (millions of years ago) Eutherians (5,010 species) 14

8 Dubautia laxa KAUAI 5.1 million years OAHU 3.7 million years N Close North American relative, the tarweed Carlquistia muirii MOLOKAI 1.3 million years LANAI MAUI HAWAII 0.4 million years Argyroxiphium sandwicense Dubautia waialealae Dubautia scabra Dubautia linearis 15 Chimpanzee infant Chimpanzee adult Chimpanzee fetus Chimpanzee adult Human fetus Human adult 16

9 Hand and finger bones 17 Gills 18

ventral spine and mouth regions Result: No The 283 amino acids of the Pitx1 protein are identical.

10 Hox gene 6 Hox gene 7 Hox gene 8 Ubx About 400 mya Drosophila Artemia 19 Results Hypothesis A: Differences in sequence Hypothesis B: Differences in expression Marine stickleback embryo: expression in ventral spine and mouth regions Result: No The 283 amino acids of the Pitx1 protein are identical. Result: Yes Lake stickleback embryo: expression only in mouth regions Red arrows indicate regions of Pitx1 expression. 20

11 (a) Patch of pigmented cells Pigmented cells (photoreceptors) Epithelium (b) Eyecup Pigmented cells Nerve fibers Example: Patella, a limpet (c) Pinhole camera-type eye Epithelium Fluid-filled cavity Optic nerve Pigmented layer (retina) Example: Nautilus Nerve fibers Example: Pleurotomaria, a slit shell mollusc (d) Eye with primitive lens Cellular mass (lens) Cornea Optic nerve Example: Murex, a marine snail (e) Complex camera lenstype eye Optic nerve Cornea Lens Example: Loligo, a squid Retina 21

Unit 4.5. Broad Patterns of Evolution CAMPBELL BIOLOGY IN FOCUS. Urry Cain Wasserman Minorsky Jackson Reece

Unit 4.5. Broad Patterns of Evolution CAMPBELL BIOLOGY IN FOCUS. Urry Cain Wasserman Minorsky Jackson Reece CAMPBELL BIOLOGY IN FOCUS Urry Cain Wasserman Minorsky Jackson Reece Unit 4.5 Broad Patterns of Evolution Lecture Presentations by Kathleen Fitzpatrick and Nicole Tunbridge Overview: Lost Worlds Past organisms