Evidence from the Surface. Chapter 02. Continental Drift. Fossil Evidence for Pangaea. Seafloor Spreading. Seafloor Spreading 1/31/2012

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1 Evidence from the Surface Surface landforms Continental shelf and slope Abyssal Plane Mid-oceanic ridge Oceanic Trenches Chapter 02 Continental Drift Continental Drift - a hypothesis that the continents have moved over time and used to be connected as one giant continent called Pangea. Alfred Wegener 1915 first to propose Evidence for Drift: Fit of continents Similar fossils Similar rock types But, he had no mechanism. Fossil Evidence for Pangaea Seafloor Spreading The earth s magnetic field moves over time, and North and South magentic poles have flipped. Paleomagnetism record of these ancient flips or reversals in volcanic rocks. On the seafloor (basalt), paleomagnetic orientation is recorded at mid-oceanic ridge as normal or reverse. Over time, these patterns spread away from the mid-oceanic ridge dating the spreading. Seafloor Spreading So, we can see that the oceanic crust is older farther away from the mid-oceanic ridge in both directions. Now there was a mechanism. Seafloor spreading by mantle convection. 1

2 Mechanisms of Continental Drift Tectonics Convection within Earth Magma Plume pushes plates apart Tectonics - theory that earth s crust consists of plates that move relative to each other. Explains location of mtn. ranges, earth-quakes, volcanoes & other landforms Pangaea supercontinent that existed 300 my ago. Tectonics Lithospheric s hand full of huge plates, mostly making up continents, + many smaller ones. North American plate Pacific plate South American African plate Eurasian plate Australian-Indian plate Antarctic plate Current Locations & Movement of s Boundaries boundaries (margins) Action happens where two plates touch aka plate boundaries. Earthquakes, volcanoes, tsunamis, mountain building, subduction. Three types: 1) Transform 2) Divergent 3) Convergent A) Collision of Continental-Continental Crust B) Subduction oceanic crust under continental crust 2

3 Transform Boundary s slide past each other horizontally Location of: Many transform faults San Andreas and Hayward Earthquakes Divergent Boundary Divergent Boundary: plates moving away from each other, like at mid-oceanic ridge. Divergence Rifting when plates move apart and magma comes up through plate fractures to form new crust (magma crystallizes to volcanic igneous rocks) Usually on oceanic crust - Mid-Oceanic Ridge Sometimes on continental crust, a Rift Valley ex. East Africa s Great Rift Valley. Active and Passive Margins 3

4 Rifting on continental plates makes: a) valleys, b) volcanoes, and c) creates new ocean crust in the middle of continent. Rifting in East Africa Convergent Boundary Convergent Boundary two plates moving toward each other 2 main types: 1) Continental Collision two plates of continental crust meet, smash together = mountains. Crust crumples - folding of horizontal bedrock layers Ex. Indian Asian = Himalaya Mtns. Ex. Appalachian Mountains ancient collision 300 mya. Converging Boundaries Collision and Folding Ocean Continental Ocean Ocean Continental Continental Folding Convergent Boundary 2) Continental - Oceanic Collision denser oceanic crust goes under continental crust. Called subduction. Descending oceanic plate melts to make magma Makes volcanoes on the overlying continental plate. Examples: South America Nazca under SA - Andes Mtns. = many composite volcanoes. U.S. Pacific Northwest Juan de Fuca under NA = Cascades Mtns Mt. Rainier, Mt. Saint Helens, Mt. Shasta. California ancient Farallon under NA = Sierra Nevada Batholith. Subduction Process in which one converging plate is forced beneath another, usu. oceanic plate under continental Boundary Relationships 4

5 Convergent and divergent plate boundaries Convection Currents in Asthenosphere Figure

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