Chapter 17: Evidence of Evolution

Transcription

1 Chapter 17: Evidence of Evolution

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3 Measuring Time Fig. 17-1a, p.260

4 Measuring Time Fig. 17-1b, p.260

5 Selective Breeding & Evolution Evolution is genetic change in a line of descent through successive generations Selective breeding practices yield evidence that heritable changes do occur

6 Domestication of Dogs Began about 50,000 years ago 14,000 years ago - artificial selection Dogs with desired forms of traits were bred Modern breeds are the result

7 Results of Artificial Selection Extremes in size Great Dane and Chihuahua Extremes in form Short-legged dachshunds English bulldog Short snout and compressed face Extreme traits lead to health problems

8 Evolutionary Theories Widely used to interpret the past and present, and even to predict the future Reveal connections between the geological record, fossil record, and organism diversity

9 Early Scientific Theories Hippocrates - All aspects of nature can be traced to their underlying causes Aristotle - Each organism is distinct from all the rest and nature is a continuum or organization

10 Confounding Evidence Biogeography Comparative anatomy Geologic discoveries Genetic sequencing

11 Biogeography Study of pattern in distribution of species and communities Discovery of new organisms in previously unknown places could not be explained by accepted beliefs How did species get from center of creation to all these places?

12 Biogeography Fig. 17-3a, p.262

13 Biogeography Fig. 17-3b, p.262

14 Biogeography Fig. 17-3c, p.262

15 Comparative Morphology Study of similarities and differences in body plans of major groups Puzzling patterns: Animals as different as whales and bats have similar bones in forelimbs Some parts seem to have no function

16 Comparative Morphology coccyx ankle bone Fig. 17-4a, p.263

17 Comparative Morphology fossilized ankle bone Fig. 17-4b, p.263

18 Geological Discoveries Similar rock layers throughout world Certain layers contain fossils Deeper layers contain simpler fossils than shallow layers Some fossils seem to be related to known species

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20 Geological Discoveries Fig. 17-5, p.263

21 19th Century - New Theories Scientists attempt to reconcile evidence of change with traditional belief in a single creation event Two examples Georges Cuvier - multiple catastrophes Jean Lamarck - inheritance of acquired characteristics

22 The Theory of Uniformity Lyell s Principles of Geology Subtle, repetitive processes of change had shaped Earth Challenged the view that Earth was only 6,000 years old

23 Darwin s Voyage At age 22, Charles Darwin began a five-year, round-the-world voyage aboard the Beagle In his role as ship s naturalist, he collected and examined the species that inhabited the regions the ship visited

24 Darwin s Voyage Fig. 17-6a, p.264

25 Darwin s Voyage Fig. 17-6b, p.264

26 Voyage of the Beagle route of Beagle EQUATOR Galapagos Islands Fig. 17-6c, p.265

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28 Galapagos Darwin Islands Wolf Volcanic islands far off coast of Ecuador All inhabitants are descended from species that arrived on islands from elsewhere Fernandina Isabela Pinta Marchena Genovesa Santiago EQUATOR Bartolome Seymour Rabida Blatra Pinzon Santa Cruz Tortuga Santa Fe San Cristobal Espanola Floreana Fig. 17-6d, p.265

29 Darwin s Voyage Fig. 17-6e, p.265

30 Darwin s Voyage p.265

31 Galapagos Finches Darwin observed finches with a variety of lifestyles and body forms On his return, he learned that there were 13 species He attempted to correlate variations in their traits with environmental challenges

32 Galapagos Finches Fig. 17-8a, p.260

33 Galapagos Finches Fig. 17-8b, p.260

34 Galapagos Finches Fig. 17-8c, p.267

35 Malthus - Struggle to Survive Thomas Malthus, a clergyman and economist, wrote essay that Darwin read on his return to England Argued that as population size increases, resources dwindle, the struggle to live intensifies, and conflict increases

36 Darwin s Theory A population can change over time when individuals differ in one or more heritable traits that are responsible for differences in the ability to survive and reproduce.

37 Natural Selection A difference in the survival and reproductive success of different phenotypes Acts directly on phenotypes and indirectly on genotypes

38 Reproductive Capacity & Competition (Malthus) All populations have the capacity to increase in numbers No population can increase indefinitely Eventually the individuals of a population will end up competing for resources

39 Variation in Populations All individuals have the same genes that specify the same assortment of traits Most genes occur in different forms (alleles) that produce different phenotypes Some phenotypes compete better than others

40 Change over Time Over time, the alleles that produce the most successful phenotypes will increase in the population Less successful alleles will become less common Change leads to increased fitness Increased adaptation to environment

41 Fossils Recognizable evidence of ancient life What do fossils tell us? Each species is a mosaic of ancestral and novel traits All species that ever evolved are related to one another by way of descent

42 Fossils Fig a, p.268

43 Fossils Fig b, p.268

44 Stratification Fossils are found in sedimentary rock This type of rock is formed in layers In general, layers closest to the top were formed most recently

45 Stratification Fig , p.269

46 Fossilization Organism becomes buried in ash or sediments Organic remains become infused with metal and mineral ions Carbon 14 dating Fig.19.6, p. 309

47 parent isotope in newly formed rock Radiometric Dating after one half-life after two half-lives a A simple way to think about the decay of a radioisotope to a more stable form, as plotted against time. Fig a, p.270

48 11:59:40 PM, first humans Midnight, origin of life dinosuars, flowering plants origin of prokaryotes origin of eukaryotes Geologic Time Scale Fig , p.271

49 Record Is Incomplete Fossils have been found for about 250,000 species Most species weren t preserved Record is biased toward the most accessible regions

50 Geologic Time Scale Phanerozoic eon Cenozoic era Quaternary period Tertiary period 1 Mesozoic era Cretaceous period 65 Boundaries based on transitions in fossil record Proterozoic eon Paleozoic era Archean eon and earlier Jurassic period Triassic period Permian period Carboniferous period Devonian period Silurian period Ordovician period Cambrian period ,500 mya

51 Fig , p.271

52 Geologic Change Fig a, p.272

53 Geologic Change island arc oceanic crust oceanic ridge trench continental crust lithosphere (solid layer of mantle) hot spot athenosphere (plastic layer of mantle) subducting plate Fig b, p.272

54 Continental Drift Idea that the continents were once joined and have since drifted apart Initially based on the shapes Wegener refined the hypothesis and named the theoretical supercontinent Pangea

55 Changing Land Masses a 420 mya b 260 mya c 65 mya d 10 mya Fig a-d, p.273

56 Evidence of Movement Wegener cited evidence from glacial deposits and fossils Magnetic orientations in ancient rocks do not align with the magnetic poles Discovery of seafloor spreading provided a possible mechanism

57 Plate Tectonics Earth s crust is fractured into plates Movement of plates driven by upwelling of molten rock Pacific plate North American plate South Nazca American plate plate Eurasian plate Pacific plate African plate Somali plate Indo- Australian plate Antarctic plate

58 Plate Tectonics Fig a, p.272

59 Comparative Morphology Comparing body forms and structures of major lineages Guiding principle: When it comes to introducing change in morphology, evolution tends to follow the path of least resistance

60 Morphological Divergence Change from body form of a common ancestor Produces homologous structures Fig , p.274

61 Morphological Divergence a Stem reptile Fig a, p.274

62 Morphological Divergence b Pterosaur 4 Fig b, p.274

63 Morphological Divergence 1 2 c chicken 3 Fig c, p.274

64 Morphological Divergence 2 3 d Penguin Fig d, p.274

65 Morphological Divergence e Porpoise Fig e, p.274

66 Morphological Divergence 2 1 f Bat Fig f, p.274

67 Morphological Divergence g Human Fig g, p.274

68 Transitional Forms Dromaeosaurus Archaeopteryx

69 Morphological Convergence Individuals of different lineages evolve in similar ways under similar environmental pressures Produces analogous structures that serve similar functions Ex: development of wings

70 Morphological Convergence Fig a, p.275

71 Morphological Convergence Fig b1, p.275

72 Morphological Convergence Fig b2, p.275

73 Morphological Convergence body wall (exoskeleton) strong membrane (extension of wall) wing veins Fig c, p.275

74 Proportional Changes in Skull proportions in infant adult Fig a, p.276

75 Proportional Changes in Skull proportions in infant adult Fig b, p.276

76 Gene Mutations Fig a1, p.277

77 Gene Mutations Fig a2, p.277

78 Gene Mutations Fig b1, p.277

79 Gene Mutations Fig b2, p.277

80 Gene Mutations Fig c1, p.277

81 Gene Mutations Fig c2, p.277

82 Gene Mutations Fig d, p.277

83 Comparative Biochemistry Kinds and numbers of biochemical traits that species share is a clue to how closely they are related Can compare DNA, RNA, or proteins More similarity means species are more closely related

84 Comparative Biochemistry p.278

85 Comparing Proteins Compare amino acid sequence of proteins produced by the same gene Human cytochrome c (a protein) Identical amino acids in chimpanzee protein Chicken protein differs by 18 amino acids Yeast protein differs by 56

86 Sequence Conservation Fig a, p.278

87 Sequence Conservation Fig a, p.298

88 Fig , p.279