EVOLUTION: EVIDENCE AND THEORY

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2 Name Class Date CHAPTER 15 TEST EVOLUTION: EVIDENCE AND THEORY MATCHING Write the correct letter in the blank before each numbered term. 1. natural selection 2. fitness 3. acquired trait 4. biogeography 5. fossil 6. law of superposition 7. convergent evolution 8. adaptive radiation a. the lowest stratum in a cross section is the oldest b. trace of long-dead organism c. process which results in similar phenotypes d. process in which many related species evolved from a single ancestral species e. is not determined by genes f. an organism s contribution to the next generation g. differential reproductive success caused by the environment h. study of geographical distribution of fossils HRW material copyrighted under notice appearing earlier in this work. TRUE-FALSE If a statement is true, write T in the blank. If a statement is false, write F in the blank, and then in the space provided, explain why the statement is false. 9. The relative age, but not the absolute age, of a fossil can be inferred using the law of superposition. 10. Darwin was the first scientist to suggest a mechanism by which living things could evolve over time. 11. Analogous structures in living organisms are a clue to common ancestry. 12. The fossil record shows that organisms arise only in areas where identical organisms once lived. 13. Darwin realized that environmental change is often gradual, therefore species modification may be gradual as well. Modern Biology Chapter Tests 57

3 Name Class Date MULTIPLE CHOICE Write the letter of the most correct answer in the blank. 14. Analogous features a. look different and have dissimilar embryological origins. b. look similar and have dissimilar embryological origins. c. may look different or similar but have similar embryological origins. d. None of the above 15. Although they do not have recent common ancestors, birds and bats have similar body shapes necessary for powered flight. What pattern of evolution does this relationship represent? a. divergent evolution b. convergent evolution c. vestigial structures d. conserved genotype 16. The pattern of evolution that is usually a response to different habitats is a. artificial selection. b. coevolution. c. divergent evolution. d. convergent evolution. 17. Which of the following is an acquired human characteristic? a. colorblindness in females b. sickle cell anemia c. the presence of a tailbone in humans d. large muscles from weight lifting 18. Under which circumstance is adaptive radiation most likely to occur? a. The polar icecaps have melted, raising the level of the oceans and isolating species on mountaintops that are now islands. b. A hurricane has blown a single breeding pair of rats onto a deserted island that has many varied habitats. c. An asteroid has smashed into Earth and destroyed an isthmus that previously had joined two large continents. d. The jetstream has shifted, and a flock of birds have been stranded on an isolated island covered entirely with grass. 19. Which of the following pairs of structures are analogous? a. horse s leg and human forearm b. insect s wing and bird s wing 20. The similarity in the body shape of a shark and of a porpoise is an example of a. divergent evolution. b. convergent evolution. c. bat s wing and dolphin s flipper d. hummingbird s wing and seal s flipper c. coevolution. d. vestigial structures. 21. What does the presence of a vestigial structure in a modern organism indicate? a. Natural selection prepares the anatomy of organisms so that in the future the vestigial structure can be used. b. The vestigial structure was not used by the modern organism, so it became nonfunctional within the organism s lifetime. c. A limited number of genes are expressed during the lifetime of an organism. d. The structure probably was functional in some ancestor of the modern organism. HRW material copyrighted under notice appearing earlier in this work. 58 Chapter 15 Test

4 Name Class Date 22. Which of these pairs of fossils would you expect to find in the same sedimentary strata? a. trilobites and early mammals b. dinosaurs and humans c. trilobites and dinosaurs d. dinosaurs and early mammals 23. In order to be considered an evolutionarily favorable trait for an organism, a trait must increase the individual s a. fitness. b. health. c. lifespan. d. range. SHORT ANSWER Answer the questions in the space provided. 24. Explain Lamarck s theory of evolution, and tell what he was right about and what he was wrong about. 25. Recount two of Darwin s observations made during the voyage of the Beagle that led to his hypothesis of species modification over time. 26. How is the breeding of domestic animals such as dogs similar or dissimilar to natural selection? HRW material copyrighted under notice appearing earlier in this work. 27. Briefly explain the first of Darwin s two major theories: descent with modification. 28. Briefly explain the second of Darwin s theories: modification by natural selection. 29. In the figure at right, what similarities would cause scientists to infer that these two organisms shared an evolutionary history? Modern Biology Chapter Tests 59

5 Name Class Date DRAWING CONCLUSIONS Follow the directions given below. 30. Satellite photos recently revealed the existence of an unexplored group of islands, shown below, named the Latin Archipelago. You are the leader of a naturalhistory expedition to seek out new life-forms on the islands. On your team are geologists, biogeographers, and molecular biologists. After extensive effort, they present you with data about three new animal species, which you name A, B, and C. Answer the following questions based on the cross-section of geological strata shown at top right and the table shown at bottom right. Millions of years ago Geological Cross-Sections 0 Magna Media Parva A B C 1.0 A B C 2.0 A B B 3.0 A B A A A Hemoglobin Amino Acid Differences Species A Species B Species C Species A Species B Species C Insula Magna Insula Media Insula Parva Species A Species B a. Which is the oldest species, and which is the youngest species? Species C b. Are the results of the molecular examination (the hemoglobin amino acid differences) consistent with the geological-strata results? c. Would you predict that the environments on the three islands are the same or different? d. According to the molecular and geological data, which species are most closely related? Which are least closely related? HRW material copyrighted under notice appearing earlier in this work. e. From these data, can you tell if the environment on each island is stable? 60 Chapter 15 Test

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10 Name Date Period Evolution Test Review Directions: Answer the following questions using your notes and textbook for chapters What is the term for a feature that allows an organism to survive better in its environment? 2. All the individuals of a species that live in a particular area are called a 3. The remnant of an organ that had a function in an early ancestor is known as a(n) structure 4. What observations did Charles Darwin make about finches in the Galápagos Islands? 5. The hind leg bones shown in the whale in Figure 10.2 are examples of 6. What is the process in which humans breed organisms for certain traits? 7. Individuals that are well adapted to their environment will survive and produce offspring 8. If two species have similar DNA sequences, it would indicate that they 9. The combined alleles of all the individuals in a population is called the 10. What are two main sources of genetic variation? 11. When a few individuals start a new colony it most likely results in 12. What type of isolation occurs when the timing of reproduction is different between two populations? 13. Coevolution is a process in which species 14. Two species that are closely related become increasingly different through

11 15. A river has cut a deep canyon that has separated a population of rodents into two groups. This separation is an example of what type of isolation? 16. Fossils that consist of minerals that have filled in an open mold of an organism are called 17. The bacterium shown in Figure 12.1 may have evolved into a mitochondrion after going through the process of 18. What do scientists estimate as the age of Earth? 19. Scientists hypothesize that cyanobacteria changed the early Earth by producing 20. The evolution of sexual reproduction resulted in increased 21. The Age of Reptiles is a term often used to describe the era 22. Which unit of geologic time followed the mass extinction of dinosaurs? 23. Fossil evidence suggests Homo sapiens first appeared years ago 24. The first organisms on Earth were most like today s 25. In 1859, Charles Darwin published his revolutionary scientific ideas in a work titled 26. Charles Darwin called the ability of an organism to survive and reproduce in its environment 27. The combined genetic information of all members of a particular population is the population s 28. Natural selection acts directly on 29. The separation of populations by barriers such as rivers, mountains, or bodies of water is called 30. Most fossils form in rock