Key Reference Site 12
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1 Key Reference Site 12 Site details MGA Coordinates: me mn Zone 55 Lat/long: S E Primary site: SALTC 349 Geology: Cz - Undifferentiated Cainozoic sediments (colluvial slopes) 1 Vegetation: Woodland of Poplar box (E. populnea). Land use: Grazing native pastures. Site location Site notes This reference site describes the undulating plains and lowlands associated with the sandstone tablelands in the Central Highlands. These landscapes support woodlands of poplar box (E.populnea) and are now managed primarily for their moderate to high productivity native grass pastures. This site is located on the German Creek property near Emerald in Central Queensland It has been used to parameterise the model GRASP which estimates pasture growth in different landscapes based on based on soil-water simulations, climate variables and grazing density (Day et al, 1997) 4. This reference site consists of: soil and regolith description to 6.0 m measured electrical conductivity (EC), soluble chloride (Cl), soil nitrate (NO3) and soil ph. soil profile laboratory analysis long term monitoring of pasture yields and soil water. QKRS 12 is therefore a key point of reference for understanding the soils formed on sandstone tableland landscapes in central Queensland and for establishing links between soil and regolith attributes and the parameters used to model soil water and pasture growth. Climate 5 Soil and landscape correlation Name Reference Soil profile class: Foxleigh (Fx) WDH 2 Land system soil: Broadmeadow ZDK 3 Land system: Monteagle ZDK 3 Land unit: Land Unit 3: lowlands and colluvial footslopes below the tableland surface. ZDK 3 Compared to evaporation, a rainfall deficit is experienced in every month of the year, and annual pan evaporation is 3.3 times the annual rainfall. 68 percent of the average annual rainfall (~416 mm) is received in the summer period (Nov March), and this provides much of the moisture for pasture production. High degree of variability in seasonal and monthly rainfall means that pasture production is also highly variable. QKRS 12-1
2 Landscape details Landscape sketch QKRS 13 QKRS 12 QKRS 11 deeply sandstone Soil details Soil profile image - (SALTC 349, Obs 2) 0.0m some image missing A1 Permian sandstone colluvial slopes 0.1m A2 Landscape description Landform pattern Runoff Drainage Rock outcrops Surface coarse fragments Surface conditions Substrate lithology undulating rises moderately rapid imperfectly drained no exposed no coarse fragments fi r m unconsolidated sediments/ sandstone Landform element hillslope Permeability slowly permeable Slope 2% 0.2m 0.3m 0.4m 0.5m B21 0.6m B22 0.7m 0.8m 0.9m C1 1.0m 1.1m German Creek aerial photo QKRS 12-2
3 Brief description Shallow massive sandy surface soil, conspicuously bleached over an alkaline sodic with columnar structure. Classification Australian Soil Classification 6 Calcic, Mesonatric, Brown Sodosol, medium, non-gravelly, sandy, ey, very deep Great Soil Group 7 Solodized solonetz Principal Profile Form 8 Db3.33 Description site SALTC 349 Matching sites WDH - 91; German Creek Pasture site G2 Soil morphology - (SALTC 349, Obs 1) Name Depth Colour Mottles Texture Structure (m) Grade Type Size A dark (10YR 3/3) dark yellowish A (10YR 4/4) A2e greyish (10YR 5/2) light grey (10YR 7/2) dry B (10YR 4/3) dark yellowish B (10YR 4/4) B23k B strong (7.5YR 4/6) greyish (10YR 5/2) Consistence Coarse Fragments Segregations Boundary none loamy sand massive none none gradual none loamy sand massive none none gradual none loamy sand massive none none abrupt 2-10% faint red (<5 mm) 10-20% distinct red 10-20% distinct sandy light medium sandy light medium loam, sandy 10-20% sandy light distinct 10-20% faint red dark yellowish 2-10% faint B (10YR 4/6) red greyish (10YR 5/2) loam, sandy strong strong subangular blocky mm - none none gradual columnar mm - subangular blocky mm - none none % manganiferous soft segregations (6-20 mm) 2-10% calcareous soft segregations (6-20 mm) <2% calcareous nodules (6-20 mm) gradual diffuse massive none none diffuse weak subangular blocky - - massive none none Chemical analysis Surface chemistry - (SALTC 349, Obs 1) Depth ph EC Cl NO3-N P P Extr. K Org. C Total N ESP CEC DTPA extractable trace elements Exchangeable cations (1:5 H2O) (Colwell) BSES (HCl) W&B mg/kg (alcoholic) meq/100g (m) ds/m mg/kg mg/kg mg/kg mg/kg meq/100g % % % meq/100g Cu Zn Mn Fe Ca Mg Na K B < QKRS 12-3
4 Soil profile chemistry - (SALTC 349, Obs 1) Depth 1:5 soil/water Exchangeable cations Exch. Acidity Particle size (%) Moistures Disp. Total element ratio % PAWC (alcoholic) meq/100g meq/100g % ph EC Cl NO3-N Ca Mg Na K Al H CEC ESP CS FS SIL CLA ADMC 1/3B 15B R1 P K S mm H2O (m) ds/m mg/kg meq/100g % < < < < < Regolith details Regolith morphology - (SALTC 349, Obs 2) Zone Depth Colour Mottles Texture Boundary Grain Degree of Mineralogy Lithology Weathering (m) Size Shape Sorting A A B B very dark greyish (10YR 3/2) light grey (10YR 7/2) dry dark yellowish (10YR 4/4) very pale (10YR 7/3) dry (10YR 5/3) light ish C grey (2.5Y 6/2) C C yellowish (10YR 5/4) grey (2.5Y 6/1) % faint (15-30 mm) 2-10% distinct red ey sand ey sand y light medium y light medium (15-30 mm) gradual 20-50% distinct (15-30 mm) gradual 2-10% distinct gradual 2D dark (7.5YR3/4) - gradual 2D grey (10YR6/1) 2D grey (10YR6/1) (30-100mm) gradual (15-30 mm) gradual (<0.002mm) (<0.002mm) (<0.002mm) Clayey, quartz sandstone Clayey, quartz sandstone Clayey, quartz sandstone 0.25mm) rounded well sorted quartz Sandstone 0.25mm) rounded well sorted quartz Sandstone 0.25mm) rounded well sorted quartz Sandstone Regolith Type Strength 2D grey (2.5Y 6/1) mm) quartz Sandstone sublabile to quartzose sandstone; to grey sandy and quartz sand, with distinct and mottling QKRS 12-4
5 Regolith profile - (SALTC 349, Obs 2) 0.0m 0.1m 0.13m 0.42m 0.76m 1.07m 1.55m A1 B21 B22 C1 C2 C3 A2 Regolith type Soil 2.1m 2.2m 3.3m 3.4m 4.2m 4.4m 1:5 soil/water analysis - (SALTC 349, Obs 2) Depth ph EC Cl NO3-N (m) ds/m mg/kg mg/kg < < < < < < < < < < < < <1 ph Depth (m) ph (1:5 H2O) m 4.8m Chloride Cl (mg/kg) m 5.28m 5.6m 5.75m 6.01m 2D1 2D2 2D3 2D4 4.88m 5.08m 5.5m 5.7m Depth (m) QKRS 12-5
6 References Malone EJ, Olgers F and Kirkegaard AG (1969). Saint Lawrence, Queensland, Australia 1: geological series. Bureau of Mineral Resources, Geology and Geophysics, Canberra. Burgess JW (2003). Land Resource Assessment of the Windeyers Hill Area, Isaac-Connors and Mackenzie River Catchments Central Queensland - Volume 1. Land Resources Bulletin QNRM02189 (Queensland Natural Resources and Mines, Brisbane), [Project Code: WDH]. Story R, Galloway RW, Gunn RH and Fitzpatrick EA (1967). Land of the Isaac-Comet Area, Queensland. CSIRO Land Research Series No. 19 [Project Code: ZDK]. Day KA, McKeon GM, Carter JO (1997). Evaluating the risks of pasture and land degradation in native pastures in Queensland Final Report DAQ-1244A. DNR Climate Impacts and Applications, Indooroopilly. Queensland Department of Natural Resources, Mines and Water (2006). SILO, datadrill/ Isbell RF (2002). The Australian Soil Classification (CSIRO: Melbourne). Stace HTC, Hubble GD, Brewer R, Northcote KH, Sleeman JR, Mulcahy MJ and Hallsworth EG (1968). A Handbook of Australian Soils (Rellim Technical Publications, Glenside, South Australia). Northcote KH (1979). A Factual Key for the Recognition of Australian Soils 4th Edition (Rellim Technical Publications, Glenside, South Australia). QKRS 12-6
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