Chapter 13: Oceans and Coastlines
|
|
- Franklin Rice
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Chapter 13: Oceans and Coastlines 1. Our Changing Oceans 2. Ocean Basins 3. Ocean Waters 4. Oceanic Circulation 5. Tides 6. Wave Action 7. Shoreline Features 8. Shoreline Protection Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
2 Our Changing Oceans About 71% of Earth is covered with seawater. The Oceans were mostly in place by ~4 billion years ago. They are the final frontier for research on Earth.
3 Our Changing Oceans Elephant seal as researcher sensors glued to her back record information about temperature and salinity of the surface waters. This information cannot be gathered through satellites. Elephant seals migrate from California to Alaska and back, and dive as deep as 600 meters.
4 Our Changing Oceans Temperature vs. depth for NE Pacific ocean. The range of temperatures reflects different locations along the seal s journey. 4,000 marine animals from 20 species collect ocean data.
5 Our Changing Oceans Oceans are dynamic! Water is continually in motion. Oceanic and atmospheric circulation patterns move heat around and strongly influence climate. Coastlines are also dynamic, advancing and retreating depending on the balance of erosion and deposition. A storm at Nag s Head, NC
6 Our Changing Oceans How do oceans/coastlines change? Coastlines can advance or retreat Short term, the position of the coastline can change depending on daily tides and seasonal variations in stream flow Climate cycles measured over decades, centuries, or millennia can show rises and falls in sea level Tectonic cycles occurring over thousands to millions of years can revitalize coastlines through uplift Humans can influence oceans and coastlines as well, and be strongly affected by oceans and their weather (e.g. hurricanes) Malibu, Ca More than ¼ of the U.S. population lives along the Atlantic and Gulf coasts
7 Our Changing Oceans Self Reflection Survey Answer the following questions as a means of uncovering what you already know about oceans and coastlines: 1.How have you interacted with the world s oceans, either directly or indirectly?
8 Our Changing Oceans Self Reflection Survey Answer the following questions as a means of uncovering what you already know about oceans and coastlines: 2. Would you prefer to live along a coast or farther inland away from the ocean? What are the advantages and disadvantages of living along the coast?
9 Our Changing Oceans Self Reflection Survey Answer the following questions as a means of uncovering what you already know about oceans and coastlines: 3. Henry Boston identified three elemental sounds of nature: the sound of the ocean on a shore, the rain, and the wind in woods. Can you suggest three more?
10 Go back to the Table of Contents Go to the next section: Ocean Basins
11 Bathymetry (depth) of the Ocean Floor From what you learned about plate tectonics would you expect the depths to be the same throughout the world s oceans? The depth of the ocean (surface to floor) varies from zero meters (along the coast) to a maximum of nearly 11 km (7 miles) along the Mariana trench. Mt. Everest would sit in the trench with over 2,000 meters to spare! (More than 1500 people have stood atop Everest only 2 have visited the deepest region of the ocean floor). Average land elevation is less than 1 km, but average ocean depth is 3.8 km (2.3 miles). Volume of water in the oceans is nearly 10 times the volume of dry land that lies above sea level. If erosion leveled the continents, all the eroded material would fit in the ocean basins with room to spare!
12 Depth of the Ocean Floor The elevation of the ocean surface varies because the elevation of the ocean floor varies Bathymetry = the measurement of the depth to the ocean floor, and the mapping of its features Data from ships and submarines are combined with satellite data to reveal the topography of the ocean floor Ocean floor has mountains, valleys, and plains similar to those on land Masses of rock on the sea floor exert gravitational pull on the water causing it to pile up and form a mound on the ocean surface
13 Depth of the Ocean Floor Sea Level is assumed to be zero meters Sea Level changes are due to changes in the shape of the ocean basins, or long-term climate changes that trap water in ice caps or cause ice caps to melt. The sea surface has bumps and low points a satellite measures the difference in height between the bump over a volcano and the surrounding ocean. Radars on satellites are used to measure variations in gravity, revealing ocean floor topography.
14 Depth of the Ocean Floor The Four Major Depth Zones = Continental shelf, Abyssal plain, Oceanic ridge, Oceanic trenches Passive margin zones: Continental shelf, Continental slope, Continental rise, Abyssal plain Active margin zones: Continental shelf, Continental slope, Trench, Abyssal Plain
15 Depth of the Ocean Floor Zone 1 - The Continental Shelf The shallow ocean floor adjacent to the continent Submerged continental crust that slopes away from coast Maximum depth is a few hundred meters Wide when adjacent to passive margins, narrow when adjacent to active margins The width of the shelf decreases as sea level falls and increases as sea level rises
16 Depth of the Ocean Floor Checkpoint 13.1 On the following map, identify three active continental margins and three passive continental margins. (Don t worry about the x-y line)
17 Depth of the Ocean Floor During last N. Hemisphere glaciation when sea level dropped, the continental shelf off the coast of New Jersey was exposed. The Hudson River cut a deep, narrow canyon into the exposed shelf on its way to the lower sea level. The canyon was later submerged when sea level rose.
18 Depth of the Ocean Floor Zone 2 - The Abyssal Plain Continental Slope and Rise are the transition to the abyssal plain - Rapid deepening of the ocean (continental slope) leads to a gentler slope (continental rise) that ends at the abyssal plain - The continental slope is marked by a rapid deepening of the ocean (couple thousand meters) - Continental rise is where sediments swept off the slope accumulate Abyssal Plain = deep ocean floor Over 4 km deep and are some of the flattest portions of Earth s surface Covered by layers of very fine sediment May be dotted by seamounts (underwater volcanoes)
19 Depth of the Ocean Floor Zone 3 - The Oceanic Ridge The oceanic ridge system is a submarine mountain chain that can be traced around the world! Ocean floor rises from the abyssal plain to the ridge 90% of Earth s volcanic activity happens at ocean ridges Doesn t heat the water much (rapidly dissipates) Depth is ~3 km above ridge crest Central valley beyond ridge crest region of submarine hot springs (hot smokers). They are home to some strange life! A white crab and tubeworm colony found near a hot smoker
20 Depth of the Ocean Floor Zone 4 - The Oceanic Trench Active continental margins, where two plates converge, form an oceanic trench near the subduction zone Narrow and deep deepest places on Earth! Mark the place where oceanic lithosphere descends into the mantle 7 to 11 km (4 to 7 miles) deep
21 Depth of the Ocean Floor Checkpoint 13.3 Note the X-Y line on the world map (below left). Which of the profile views (below right) most accurately models the bathymetry of the ocean floor along that line? Hint: Think about where there is an active margin vs. a passive margin.
22 Go back to the Table of Contents Go to the next section: Ocean Waters
23 Ocean Waters Where did our oceans come from? Early Earth was a hostile, hot mass of nearly molten rock Violent volcanic eruptions put gases, including water vapor, into the air As Earth cooled this water vapor condensed into liquid water The more the planet cooled, the more water could collect in hollows ( baby oceans that grew into our present oceans) Although the water in the oceans has been around for ~4 billion years, the present ocean basin configuration is the result of plate tectonics, and no ocean basin is older than about 200 million years old Even now, oceans and seas continue to grow or shrink as plates diverge or converge
24 Ocean Waters: Water Chemistry The oceans are salty because seawater contains dissolved salts and minerals Most of the dissolved solids in seawater is common salt (NaCl) Salinity = the measure of the concentration of salt in seawater More salt = higher density Q: What variables might influence what parts of the ocean (locations around the globe) are saltier than others?
25 Ocean Waters: Salinity Salinity is influenced by: -Temperature -Mixing caused by currents -Freshwater input from rain, streams, and melting ice Salinity is highest where temp is high and precipitation is low (evaporation leaves behind salts)
26 Ocean Waters Q: Why is salinity not highest at the equator? A: More precipitation occurs over equatorial regions, diluting the waters there and thereby reducing salinity. Q: Why might the salinity near the Hawaiian islands be only 0.2 % different than the salinity off the coast of Antarctica? A: Ocean currents are efficient mixers and even out some salinity differences in the oceans.
27 Ocean Waters Checkpoint 13.5 Examine the map of mean salinity for the Indian Ocean. Explain why salinity values are lower for the tropical Bay of Bengal (east of India) than for the cold waters of the Southern Ocean just north of Antarctica? Why do you think salinity is so high in the Red Sea (small red strip between Africa and Saudi Arabia)?
28 Ocean Waters: Salinity Salinity of the oceans also varies with depth Rapid decrease in salinity with depth in upper 500 meters Rapid change in salinity with depth = halocline Deeper waters not affected by surface processes that change salinity (evaporation and stream flow) N-S profile through Pacific Ocean (150 W)
29 Ocean Waters: Temperatures Temperature varies according to latitude Ocean temperatures are affected by: - Solar insolation - Ocean currents Temperatures are highest where solar energy is highest.
30 Ocean Waters: Temperatures Water has a high specific heat (amount of thermal energy required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of material by 1 C). -The temperature of a material with a high specific heat will not rise as rapidly as one with a low specific heat. -Water can absorb a lot of thermal energy without displaying much of a change in temperature. Why is it important that water has a high heat capacity? -Water can absorb, store, move, and release a lot of heat energy. -This is of major importance to global climate patterns. The density of water decreases with increasing temperature
31 Ocean Waters Checkpoint 13.7 The specific heat of the water in the oceans is about 4 times that of the rock and soil on the continents. In addition, water in the oceans moves, while rock and soil are effectively stationary. What are the implications of these observations for differences in maximum and minimum temperatures of the oceans and continents?
32 Ocean Waters Warm water is less dense than cold water Below 4 C this changes the density of really cold water decreases, especially when it goes from liquid to solid form Shallow layers of ocean water: Relatively warm, warmed by solar radiation Relative uniform temperature as water is mixed by currents Thermocline = The depth zone where temperature decreases most rapidly
33 Ocean Waters: Temperatures Temperature of the oceans also varies with depth Rapid decrease in temps with depth in upper 500 meters Rapid change in temperature with depth = thermocline N-S profile through Pacific Ocean (150 W)
34 Ocean Waters: Density The third factor that affects density - pressure Uniform increase in pressure with depth slightly increases density of the underlying water Salinity, temperature, and pressure combine to create density profile. Pycnocline = rapid increase in density from 200 1,000 meters depth. Density is uniform below the pycnocline. Ocean water - 3 main vertical density layers: surface (2%), middle (18%), and bottom (80%).
35 Go back to the Table of Contents Go to the next section: Oceanic Circulation
36 Oceanic Circulation Ocean water is in constant motion! Circular patterns (gyres) of ocean currents.
37 Oceanic Circulation: Currents Winds move ocean water Friction between wind and surface water Ocean currents follow prevailing wind direction except where the current encounters a barrier (e.g. landmass) Only about 10% of world s ocean water is moving in surface currents Narrow, high temperature Gulf Stream
38 Oceanic Circulation: Currents Circulation patterns in atmosphere generate gyres Clockwise in N Hemisphere, counterclockwise in S Hemisphere Water takes months to years to complete a gyre circuit Fast-flowing boundary currents at western extents of gyres redistribute warm tropical water toward the poles (e.g. Gulf Stream, Brazil) Eastern portions of gyres carry colder water from high latitudes toward equator (e.g. Canary, Benguela)
39 Oceanic Circulation Checkpoint 13.9 A shipment of rubber elephants falls overboard in the northern Pacific at location A on the map below. What path do the elephants follow? (Refer to figure 13.15) A. A-G-B-F-E-A B. A-E-C-G-A C. A-G-C-E-A D. A-E-F-B-G-A
40 Oceanic Circulation Coriolis Effect: Atmospheric and oceanic circulation patterns deflected to right in N Hemisphere and to left in S Hemisphere Earth rotates from west to east Objects near equator are moving faster than those near the poles (more distance to cover in a day s rotation) The planet beneath the circulating wind/water moves its position, leading to the deflection Imagine you are in Panama City, FL. At noon you fire a rocket directly north towards Columbus, OH. The rocket has a northward velocity, but also has a faster easterly velocity due to Earth rotating east. The rocket will land east of the city of Columbus the apparent deflection.
41 Oceanic Circulation Checkpoint How would the deflection of ocean currents be altered in the Northern Hemisphere if Earth rotated from east to west (instead of from west to east)? a) Currents stay the same, deflect right of their course b) Currents stay the same, deflect left of their course c) Currents switch directions, deflect right of their course d) Currents switch directions, deflect left of their course
42 Continents can affect ocean circulation patterns Closure of Isthmus of Panama influenced circulation patterns in Atlantic Oceanic Circulation Western currents forced N Strengthened gulf stream Warmer waters into N Atlantic Raised temperatures in Europe Winters milder in Europe and N. U.S.
43 Oceanic Circulation Antarctica used to be mostly free of ice About 34 million years ago ice growth was triggered Separation of S. America and Australia from Antarctica Before this occurred, warm tropical waters moved south and warmed Antarctica The separation of Antarctica and South America opened up the strong currents in the Southern Ocean Isolates Antarctica from moderating ocean currents
44 Gulf Stream Oceanic Circulation: Thermohaline Circulation Carries high-salinity, warm waters from central Atlantic to higher latitudes Water slowly cools as it travels N Cold, salty water sinks to the bottom of N Atlantic near Greenland and Iceland Sinking water is then carried southward along bottom of the Atlantic (NADW) Reaches Antarctica and is diverted eastward to the Indian and Pacific Deep current eventually comes up in N Indian and Pacific Oceans (upwelling) brings nutrients to surface waters The pattern of deep currents is termed thermohaline circulation (driven by both salinity and temperature)
45 Oceanic Circulation Checkpoint A fish tank is filled with water at room temperature. Cold water is added on one side of the tank and warm water is added on the other side. The water at each temperature is dyed a different color to show its movement. Predict what will happen when warm water and cold water are added to the tank simultaneously. Briefly describe your prediction and sketch it in the drawing of the tank below.
46 Global Thermohaline Circulation
47 Normal Year Oceanic Circulation: ENSO El Niño and La Nina: The Earth system in action Pacific ocean waters heated Trade winds blow warm water west Cold upwelling occurs off coast of SA El Niño Year Western trade winds diminish Warm water remains in Pacific Heavy rains occur in SA Surface salinity decreases, reducing upwelling Droughts in western Pacific La Nina Year Cold conditions dominate Droughts in SA, western US Severe weather in western Pacific
48 Go back to the Table of Contents Go to the next section: Tides
49 Phases of the Moon Moon orbits Earth every 27.3 days New moon: Moon between Earth and sun Full moon: Earth is between Sun and moon
50 Tides Tides = changes in the sea surface height caused by the gravitational attraction of the moon (and a bit by the sun) a) Spring tides largest tidal bulges, highest tides b) Neap tides smallest tidal bulges, lowest tides Sun and moon exerting pull on the Earth in same direction. Occur during New Moon. Sun and moon exerting pull on the Earth in different directions.
51 Tides Checkpoint What would happen to spring tides if the moon were farther away from Earth? a)tides would be higher b)tides would be lower c) No change to spring tides
52 Tides Because the Earth rotates faster than the moon orbits, the location of the tidal bulge changes The moon is not always over the same spot on Earth Moon is essentially stationary while Earth rotates on its axis Imagine tidal bulges as stationary as Earth rotates below them A coastal site would rotate below two tidal bulges (high tides) on opposite sides of the Earth each day It would also pass through two minima (low tides) (Equal, but opposite, tidal bulges on the side of Earth away from Moon due to a balance of forces associated with gravitational attraction of moon, rotation of earth-moon system about a common center of mass called barycenter, and rotation of Earth on its axis)
53 Tides Depending on the position of the mood relative to Earth, and the latitude of a coastal site, the two daily tides may be very similar (semidiurnal) or varied (mixed). In panel b, notice that an equatorial coastal city would have a semidiurnal tide pattern, while at mid latitude the pattern would be mixed (very high on the right side of the image, and low on the upper left side).
54 Tides a) semidiurnal b) mixed c) diurnal
55 Tides Checkpoint Which tidal pattern is represented by the tide data for San Diego, California? a)semidiurnal b)diurnal c) Mixed
56 Tides Checkpoint Many planets have multiple moons. Discuss how the tides would be affected if Earth had two moons (A and B), each half the size of the current moon, in the following two scenarios: a) Assume the two moons followed the current orbit of the moon and were located on opposite sides of Earth (half an orbit apart; e.g., in the positions of the new moon and full moon). b) Assume the two moons followed the current orbit of the moon and were located one quarter of an orbit apart (e.g., in the positions of the new moon and the first quarter moon). Draw diagrams showing the locations of the moons relative to the Earth and the sun and illustrating how each scenario would change a typical semidiurnal pattern recorded on a tide gauge.
57 Go back to the Table of Contents Go to the next section: Wave Action
58 Wave Action: Open Ocean In the open ocean water simply bobs up and down. The wave shape (waveform) moves while the water particles follow a circular path and remain in place.
59 Wave Action: Open Ocean Wave size, speed, and direction are controlled by winds The waves we see in the ocean are the result of wind energy transferred to surface water Wave action affects only surface waters. Motion decreases downward to a depth equal to about ½ of the wavelength called the wave base. The deeper the wave base, the more volume of water involved in the wave.
60 Waves in the open oceans: What do you observe?
61 Wave Action Wind generated waves increase in size with increased wind speed Wind speed and distance over which wind blows determine the frictional force, and ultimately the wave height Large waves come from high velocity, steady winds blowing across a wide area with no obstructions Which ocean do you think has consistently taller waves the Atlantic or the Pacific? Why? Where do you think the largest waves (5-10 m) on Earth are found? Southern Ocean no continents to interrupt the distance over which winds blow.
62 As a wave approaches shore and shallower water it is slowed by friction, its length decreases, and it becomes taller and steeper. Wave Action Wave eventually collapses due to over-steepening (breaker). Water actually moves forward here.
63 Wave Action Checkpoint At which location on the following diagram would the waves begin to break farthest from the beach?
64 Wave Action a. Path of Hurricane Katrina is a station that recorded wind speed and wave height. b. Average wind speed for 10 minute intervals. c. Significant wave height. Notice correspondence between highest waves and fastest wind speeds.
65 Wave Action Rip Currents Narrow currents of water flowing through gaps in sandbars lying just offshore. Rip currents are caused by variations in the surf zone such as sandbars and channels. Do you see a location in the picture at right that might be dangerous if you were swimming there? Do you think you could see it from the beach? Rip currents cause ~100 deaths in the U.S. each year If you get caught in one let it sweep you out past the structure that is causing it. Once past it, swim parallel to the beach and then back toward shore.
66 Wave Action Irregularities in the shoreline or changes in seafloor can change shape and direction of the waves Can cause bending of the waves toward the shore (refraction)
67 Wave Action: Turning waves into energy Ocean waves are actually energy moving through the oceans If that energy could be harnessed, it would be clean and renewable What is the best location to build an ocean wave-driven power generation facility? What problems might you face?
68 Go back to the Table of Contents Go to the next section: Shoreline Features
69 Shoreline Features Shorelines are constantly changing as materials are eroded, transported and deposited through a process known as the sediment budget.
70 Shoreline Features What do waves do to coastlines? Cause erosion (wearing away headlands and filling in bays straightens out coastline) Transport material Deposit sand and other materials Twelve homes in Pacifica, CA were condemned when the cliff retreated 33 feet.
71 Shoreline Features Erosion rates of the coastlines along the Atlantic shore and Gulf coast are 3.3 ft per year on average Erosion is worst on loose, unconsolidated sediments, and can be accelerated by surges caused by storms
72 Shoreline Features Shorelines can also be experiencing deposition Shoreline grows in width with deposition of sediment Head on currents carry sediment onto and off the beach, and may deposit sand in sand bars off shore during storms Longshore currents transport sediment parallel to the beach in the surf zone Sand was moved left to right during a storm.
73 Shoreline Features Spit sand bar partially blocking a landform Baymouth Bar sand bar that completely blocks a channel The bay at Puget Sound, Washington. This narrow spit may become a baymouth bar.
74 Streams and Coastal Systems Checkpoint Place the terms/phrases in the correct location on the Venn diagram. 1. Erosion creates underwater channels. 2. Source: continental interior 3. Source: offshore sandbar 4. Sand deposited in bars 5. Erosion more pronounced in winter 6. Occur at my range of elevation 7. Occur at sea level 8. Erosion by wave action 9. Similar erosion rates 10. Longshore current 11. Mix of grain sizes 12. Uniform grain sizes
75 Go back to the Table of Contents Go to the next section: Shoreline Protection
76 Shoreline Protection Natural Features that protect coastal residents of Florida from erosion: -Tall dunes behind beaches protect against large storms -Wide, stable beaches absorb wave energy -Exposed offshore sand bars absorb the force of breaking waves These features are not found at all beaches. Humans can erect artificial barriers to help slow erosion, but these features may speed up erosion in other coastal locations.
77 Shoreline Protection The sediment budget = the balance between material deposited on the shore and material eroded from the shore. Humans can influence the sediment budget, and coastline features, by their actions. Damming on major rivers can result in sediment starvation because sediment that would have been deposited along the shoreline is trapped upstream. Humans can also build structures to try to combat dangerous erosion processes Seawall - Rock wall built to try and slow erosion of a cliff north of Monterey, Ca.
78 Shoreline Protection Groins wall-like structures built perpendicular to the shoreline as barriers to longshore currents Causes deposition on upcurrent side, but erosion on downcurrent side
79 Shoreline Protection Breakwaters barriers built offshore to protect part of the shoreline Slow the waves and allow the beach to grow behind them Unprotected parts of the shoreline often erode more quickly.
80 Shoreline Protection Checkpoint Compare and contrast seawalls and breakwaters.
81 Shoreline Protection Checkpoint Examine figure and explain why the shoreline erosion/deposition process at the site of Cape Hatteras required the lighthouse to be moved.
82 Oceans and Coastlines Concept Map Complete the concept map to evaluate your understanding of the interactions between the earth system, oceans and coastlines. Label as many interactions as you can using information from this chapter.
83 The End Go back to the Table of Contents
The surface of the ocean floor is as varied as the land. The five major oceans, from largest to smallest, are
11.1 Ocean Basins The surface of the ocean floor is as varied as the land. The five major oceans, from largest to smallest, are w the Pacific w the Atlantic w the Indian w the Southern w the Arctic The
More informationOceanography. Oceanography is the study of the deep sea and shallow coastal oceans.
Oceanography Oceanography is the study of the deep sea and shallow coastal oceans. Studying the Ocean Floor To determine the shape and composition of the ocean floor, scientists use techniques such as
More information1 Earth s Oceans. TAKE A LOOK 2. Identify What are the five main oceans?
CHAPTER 13 1 Earth s Oceans SECTION Exploring the Oceans BEFORE YOU READ After you read this section, you should be able to answer these questions: What affects the salinity of ocean water? What affects
More informationSection 2.1 Ocean Basins. - Has helped determine where ocean basins are located. - Tectonic plates move changing the position of the continents.
Science 8 Unit 1: Water Systems on Earth Chapter 2: Oceans Control the Water Cycle Section 2.1 Ocean Basins Oceans are important because: 1. Primary water source for the water cycle 2. Control weather
More informationThe Ocean Floor THE VAST WORLD OCEAN
OCEANOGRAPHY Name Color all water LIGHT BLUE. Color all land LIGHT GREEN. Label the 5 Oceans: Pacific, Atlantic, Indian, Arctic, Antarctic. Label the 7 Continents: N.America, S.America, Europe, Asia, Africa,
More informationPhysical Oceanography
Physical Oceanography SECTION 15.1 The Oceans In your textbook, read about modern oceanography. For each item in Column A, write the letter of the matching item in Column B. e b c d a Column A 1. German
More informationThe Marine Environment
The Marine Environment SECTION 16.1 Shoreline Features In your textbook, read about erosional landforms, beaches, estuaries, longshore currents, and rip currents. For each statement below, write or. 1.
More informationGrade 8 Science. Unit 1: Water Systems on Earth Chapter 2
Grade 8 Science Unit 1: Water Systems on Earth Chapter 2 Oceans are important... 1. Primary water source for the water cycle 2. Control weather 3. Support diverse life 4. Provides humans with food, minerals,
More informationScience 8 - Water Systems Test - Chapters 1-2
Science 8 - Water Systems Test - Chapters 1-2 Multiple Choice (30 marks) Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1. What percentage represents the amount of fresh
More informationUNIT 1: WATER SYSTEMS ON EARTH CHAPTER 2: OCEANS CONTROL THE WATER CYCLE
UNIT 1: WATER SYSTEMS ON EARTH CHAPTER 2: OCEANS CONTROL THE WATER CYCLE ORIGINS OF OCEAN WATER OCEANS HAVE FILLED OVER HUNDREDS OF MILLIONS OF YEARS SCIENTISTS BELIEVE THE OCEANS ARE MORE THAN 3 BILLION
More informationThe Marine Environment
The Marine Environment SECTION 16.1 Shoreline Features In your textbook, read about erosional landforms, beaches, estuaries, longshore currents, and rip currents. For each statement below, write true or
More informationOceanography is the scientific study of oceans Oceans make up over 70% of the Earth s surface
Oceanography Oceanography is the scientific study of oceans Oceans make up over 70% of the Earth s surface An ocean must be large and have features which set it apart from other oceans (currents, water
More informationUnit 1: Water Systems on Earth Chapter 2
Unit 1: Water Systems on Earth Chapter 2 Create a mind map with the driving question, Why are Oceans Important? Remember: Why are oceans so important? Why are oceans so important? Primary water source
More informationPhysical Oceanography
Physical Oceanography SECTION 15.1 The Oceans In your textbook, read about modern oceanography. For each item in Column A, write the letter of the matching item in Column B. Column A 1. German research
More informationOCEANOGRAPHY II NOTES
TIDES OCEANOGRAPHY II NOTES MRS. BURKEY EARTH SPACE SCIENCE CY CREEK HS THE RISE AND FALL IN SEA LEVEL IS CALLED A TIDE. CAUSED BY A GIANT WAVE. AVERAGE LOW-TIDE/HIGH-TIDE CYCLE TAKES ABOUT 12 HRS AND
More informationActual bathymetry (with vertical exaggeration) Geometry of the ocean 1/17/2018. Patterns and observations? Patterns and observations?
Patterns and observations? Patterns and observations? Observations? Patterns? Observations? Patterns? Geometry of the ocean Actual bathymetry (with vertical exaggeration) Continental Continental Basin
More informationOceans I Notes. Oceanography
Oceans I Notes Outlines on the front table Oceanography the science of our oceans that mixes biology, geology, chemistry, and physics (among other sciences) to unravel the mysteries of our seas. Divisions
More informationOceanography Quiz 2. Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
Oceanography Quiz 2 Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1. The highest and lowest tides are known as the spring tides. When do these occur? a.
More informationOceanography II Notes
Oceanography II Notes Tides The rise and fall in sea level is called a tide. Caused by a giant wave and the gravitational pull of the moon and sun on the ocean One low-tide/high-tide cycle takes about
More informationIn 1990, 50% of the U.S. population lived within 75 km of a coast. By 2010, 75% of the U.S. population will live within 75 km of a coast.
In 1990, 50% of the U.S. population lived within 75 km of a coast. By 2010, 75% of the U.S. population will live within 75 km of a coast. High Tech Methods for Surveying the Deep Sea Floor Fig. 20.18 1
More informationUnit 8 Test Review -- Oceanography
Unit 8 Test Review -- Oceanography Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. D 1. A large body of saline water that may be surrounded by land is a(n)
More informationARE YOU READY TO THINK? Look at the first slide THINK PAIR SHARE!
ARE YOU READY TO THINK? Look at the first slide THINK PAIR SHARE! WHAT PROMINENT FEATURE CAN YOU IDENTIFY IN THIS PICTURE? What do you think the different colors represent? Who might find such a picture
More informationWeather & Ocean Currents
Weather & Ocean Currents Earth is heated unevenly Causes: Earth is round Earth is tilted on an axis Earth s orbit is eliptical Effects: Convection = vertical circular currents caused by temperature differences
More informationOcean Sciences 101 The Marine Environment OCEA 101 THE MARINE ENVIRONMENT MID-TERM EXAM
OCEA 101 THE MARINE ENVIRONMENT MID-TERM EXAM Part I. Multiple Choice Questions. Choose the one best answer from the list, and write the letter legibly in the blank to the left of the question. 2 points
More informationChapter 2 Planet Earth
Chapter 2 Planet Earth Section Notes Earth and the Sun s Energy Water on Earth The Land Close-up The Water Cycle World Almanac Major Eruptions in the Ring of Fire Quick Facts Chapter 2 Visual Summary Video
More informationAlmost of Earth is covered by water. On a map, the continents appear as huge islands surrounded by a vast global ocean.
Earth s Oceans & Ocean Floor Date: Feelin Blue What are Earth s five main oceans? Almost of Earth is covered by water. On a map, the continents appear as huge islands surrounded by a vast global ocean.
More informationI. Earth s Layers a. Crust: Earth s outside layer. Made of mostly rock. i. Continental: er; made of mostly granite, forms the continents and shallow
I. Earth s Layers a. Crust: Earth s outside layer. Made of mostly rock. i. Continental: er; made of mostly granite, forms the continents and shallow sea beds, floats! ii. Oceanic: er; dense rock such as
More informationOcean facts continued
Ocean Facts A dynamic system in which many chemical and physical changes take place Formed over millions of years as precipitation filled low areas on Earth called basins and now covers 70% of the Earth
More informationEarth Science Lesson Plan Quarter 2, Week 10, Day 1
Earth Science Lesson Plan Quarter 2, Week 10, Day 1 Outcomes for Today Standard Focus: PREPARE 1. Background knowledge necessary for today s reading. Beaches are created by the actions of waves, tides,
More informationTAKE HOME EXAM 8R - Geology
Name Period Date TAKE HOME EXAM 8R - Geology PART 1 - Multiple Choice 1. A volcanic cone made up of alternating layers of lava and rock particles is a cone. a. cinder b. lava c. shield d. composite 2.
More informationFoundations of Earth Science, 6e Lutgens, Tarbuck, & Tasa
Foundations of Earth Science, 6e Lutgens, Tarbuck, & Tasa Oceans: The Last Frontier Foundations, 6e - Chapter 9 Stan Hatfield Southwestern Illinois College The vast world ocean Earth is often referred
More informationSurface Circulation Ocean current Surface Currents:
All Write Round Robin G1. What makes up the ocean water? G2. What is the source of the salt found in ocean water? G3. How does the water temperature affect the density of ocean water? G4. How does the
More informationMap shows 3 main features of ocean floor
Map shows 3 main features of ocean floor 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter 3 Marine Provinces 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. 1 Chapter 3 Overview The study of bathymetry determines ocean depths and ocean
More informationBathymetry Measures the vertical distance from the ocean surface to mountains, valleys, plains, and other sea floor features
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 CHAPTER 3 Marine Provinces Chapter Overview The study of bathymetry determines ocean depths and ocean floor topography. Echo sounding and satellites are efficient bathymetric tools.
More information4. In areas where tectonic plates collide, the seafloor has deep. 5. In areas where tectonic plates separate, the seafloor has mid- ocean
Name Date Hour Table Chapter 14 Lesson One- General Directions: Use the word bank below to complete each statement. NOT all terms are used. abyssal plains brackish water condensation energy freshwater
More informationGeol 117 Lecture 18 Beaches & Coastlines. I. Types of Coastlines A. Definition:
I. Types of Coastlines A. Definition: 1. Shore = narrow zone where ocean meets land (e.g. beach) 2. Coast is a broad area where both ocean and land processes act a. Includes onshore marshes, dunes, sea
More informationChapter Overview. Bathymetry. Measuring Bathymetry. Measuring Bathymetry
CHAPTER 3 Marine Provinces Chapter Overview The study of bathymetry determines ocean depths and ocean floor topography. Echo sounding and satellites are efficient bathymetric tools. Most ocean floor features
More informationWHAT IS THE EARTH MADE OF? LITHOSPHERE AND HYDROSPHERE
UNIT 8 WHAT IS THE EARTH MADE OF? LITHOSPHERE AND HYDROSPHERE TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 THE STRUCTURE OF THE EARTH... 2 2 THE FORMATION OF THE RELIEF: INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL FORCES.... 2 2.1 Internal forces:
More informationMARINE GEOLOGY & GEOGRAPHY
MARINE GEOLOGY & GEOGRAPHY Bathymetry BATHYMETRY BATHYMETRY THE UNDERWATER EQUIVALENT TO TOPOGRAPHY THE STUDY OF WATER DEPTH A BATHYMETRIC MAP SHOWS FLOOR RELIEF OR TERRAIN AS CONTOUR LINES Bathymetry
More informationUnit 4 - Water. Earth s Interior. Earth s Interior. Continental Drift. Continental Drift. Continental Drift. Crust. Mantle. Core.
Unit 4 - Water How did the oceans form? What special adaptations do saltwater organisms have? Where does our water come from? How do humans affect the Earth s water? Crust Rigid outer shell of Earth Oceanic
More informationQuestion: What is the primary reason for the great abundance of fish along the Peruvian coast?
Buzzer Question # 1 Question Type: toss-up Question Format: Multiple Choice Category: Biology What is the primary reason for the great abundance of fish along the Peruvian coast? Answer W: upwelling Answer
More informationSeas. A sea is a part of an ocean that is nearly surrounded by water. The Mediterranean, Arctic and Black Sea are really part of the Atlantic Ocean.
Exploring the Ocean Since ancient times people have studied the ocean such as waters and ocean floor It provides food and services, and serves as a route for trade and travel The World s Oceans 71% of
More informationMarine Science and Oceanography
Marine Science and Oceanography Marine geology- study of the ocean floor Physical oceanography- study of waves, currents, and tides Marine biology study of nature and distribution of marine organisms Chemical
More informationWhere is all the water?
Where is all the water? The distribution of water at the Earth's surface % of total Oceans 97.25 Ice caps and glaciers 2.05 Groundwater 0.68 Lakes 0.01 Soils 0.005 Atmosphere (as vapour) 0.001 Rivers 0.0001
More information1. Oceans. Example 2. oxygen.
1. Oceans a) Basic facts: There are five oceans on earth, making up about 72% of the planet s surface and holding 97% of the hydrosphere. Oceans supply the planet with most of its oxygen, play a vital
More informationUnderstanding Oceans, Gulfs & Tides
SCS-2005-13 Water and Me Series Understanding s, Gulfs & Tides Monty C. Dozier Assistant Professor and Extension Water Resources Specialist The dictionary defines the ocean as the whole body of saltwater
More informationChapter 2 Geography. Getting to know Earth
Chapter 2 Geography Getting to know Earth Our Solar System Sun is at the center of our solar system Contains a lot of Mass» Mass gives the Sun gravitational pull» This keeps the planets in our solar system
More informationSupplemental Slides. Shore: Junction of Land & Water. Junction of Land & Water. Sea Level Variations. Shore vs. Coast. Sea Level Variations
Shore: Junction of Land & Water Supplemental Slides Sediments come off land Most get dumped at the beach Sediment interacts with ocean waves and currents Junction of Land & Water Features: Breaking waves,
More informationShore: Junction of Land & Water. Sediments come off land Most get dumped at the beach Sediment interacts with ocean waves and currents
Shore: Junction of Land & Water Supplemental Slides Sediments come off land Most get dumped at the beach Sediment interacts with ocean waves and currents Junction of Land & Water Features: Breaking waves,
More informationThe Coast: Beaches and Shoreline Processes
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 The Coast: es and Shoreline Processes Trujillo & Thurman, Chapter 10 Oceanography 101 Chapter Objectives Recognize the various landforms characteristic of beaches and coastal regions.
More informationThe Coast: Beaches and Shoreline Processes Trujillo & Thurman, Chapter 10
The Coast: es and Shoreline Processes Trujillo & Thurman, Chapter 10 Oceanography 101 Chapter Objectives Recognize the various landforms characteristic of beaches and coastal regions. Identify seasonal
More informationOcean and Coastal Processes. Ocean Basins. Chapter 20. Ocean Basins and Plates. Ocean Terms. Sea Arch Bay-mouth Bar Spit Tombolo Coast.
Chapter 20 Ocean Basins and Plates Ocean and Coastal Processes Tide Wave Height Length Period Base Refraction Tsunami Beach Sea stack Ocean Terms Sea Arch Bay-mouth Bar Spit Tombolo Coast Emergent Submergent
More information(moves under) another tectonic plate a trench is formed. into oceans where they dissolve
2 nd Nine Weeks Benchmark Study Guide 1. What source powers the water cycle? Sun 2. At what point does a liquid become water vapor? evaporation 3. In the morning, Shawn s swimming pool is full. In the
More informationOcean Mixing and Climate Change
Ocean Mixing and Climate Change Factors inducing seawater mixing Different densities Wind stirring Internal waves breaking Tidal Bottom topography Biogenic Mixing (??) In general, any motion favoring turbulent
More informationMARINE GEOLOGY & GEOGRAPHY
MARINE GEOLOGY MARINE GEOLOGY & GEOGRAPHY Marine Geology 4 LAYERS OF THE EARTH CRUST THICKNESS: VARIES BETWEEN OCEAN & CONTINENTS 5-40 KM STATE: SOLID ELEMENTS: SILICON, ALUMINUM, CALCIUM, SODIUM, POTASSIUM
More informationWhat a Hurricane Needs to Develop
Weather Weather is the current atmospheric conditions, such as air temperature, wind speed, wind direction, cloud cover, precipitation, relative humidity, air pressure, etc. 8.10B: global patterns of atmospheric
More informationPlease be ready for today by:
Please be ready for today by: 1. HW out for a stamp 2. Paper and pencil/pen for notes 3. Be ready to discuss what you know about El Nino after you view the video clip What is El Nino? El Nino Basics El
More informationOcean Boundary Currents Guiding Question: How do western boundary currents influence climate and ocean productivity?
Name: Date: TEACHER VERSION: Suggested Student Responses Included Ocean Boundary Currents Guiding Question: How do western boundary currents influence climate and ocean productivity? Introduction The circulation
More informationOcean s Influence on Weather and Climate
Earth is often called the Blue Planet because so much of its surface (about 71%) is covered by water. Of all the water on Earth, about 96.5%, is held in the world s oceans. As you can imagine, these oceans
More informationChapter 9 Lecture Outline. Oceans: The Last Frontier
Chapter 9 Lecture Outline Oceans: The Last Frontier The Vast World Ocean Earth is referred to as the blue planet 71% of Earth s surface is oceans and marginal seas Continents and islands comprise the remaining
More informationMAR 110 LECTURE #10 The Oceanic Conveyor Belt Oceanic Thermohaline Circulation
1 MAR 110 LECTURE #10 The Oceanic Conveyor Belt Oceanic Thermohaline Circulation Ocean Climate Temperature Zones The pattern of approximately parallel oceanic surface isotherms (lines of constant temperature)
More informationClimate versus Weather
Climate versus Weather What is climate? Climate is the average weather usually taken over a 30-year time period for a particular region and time period. Climate is not the same as weather, but rather,
More informationLecture Marine Provinces
Lecture Marine Provinces Measuring bathymetry Ocean depths and topography of ocean floor Sounding Rope/wire with heavy weight Known as lead lining Echo sounding Reflection of sound signals 1925 German
More informationEarth Science 11 Learning Guide Unit Complete the following paragraph about the ocean and ocean water with the following words:
Earth Science 11 Learning Guide Unit 8 Name: 8-1 Ocean Properties 1. Complete the following paragraph about the ocean and ocean water with the following words: thousand chloride 70% salinity water sodium
More informationSection 1. Name: Class: Date: True/False Indicate whether the statement is true or false.
Name: Class: _ Date: _ Section 1 True/False Indicate whether the statement is true or false. 1. Because of the dissolved salt in seawater its freezing point is lower than that of pure water 2. Short residence
More informationHydrosphere The hydrosphere includes all water on Earth.
Hydrosphere The hydrosphere includes all water on Earth. The abundance of water on Earth is a unique feature that clearly distinguishes our "Blue Planet" from others in the solar system. Not a drop of
More informationChapter 9 External Energy Fuels Weather and Climate
Natural Disasters Tenth Edition Chapter 9 External Energy Fuels Weather and Climate Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 9-1 Weather Versus Climate
More informationScience 1206 Chapter 1 - Inquiring about Weather
Science 1206 Chapter 1 - Inquiring about Weather 1.1 - The Atmosphere: Energy Transfer and Properties (pp. 10-25) Weather and the Atmosphere weather the physical conditions of the atmosphere at a specific
More informationBell Ringer. water cycle? gaseous water (water vapor)? How do you know? 1. What are the five components of the
Bell Ringer 1. What are the five components of the water cycle? 2. Are clouds composed of liquid water or gaseous water (water vapor)? How do you know? 3. How are glaciers formed? Salt Water - Oceans Characteristics
More informationSocial Studies. Chapter 2 Canada s Physical Landscape
Social Studies Chapter 2 Canada s Physical Landscape Introduction Canada s geography its landforms and climate - has a great impact on Canadians sense of identity. Planet Earth The earth is divided into
More information1. Introduction 2. Ocean circulation a) Temperature, salinity, density b) Thermohaline circulation c) Wind-driven surface currents d) Circulation and
1. Introduction 2. Ocean circulation a) Temperature, salinity, density b) Thermohaline circulation c) Wind-driven surface currents d) Circulation and climate change e) Oceanic water residence times 3.
More informationOCN 201 Fall 2015 Section 1
Name: Class: _ Date: _ OCN 201 Fall 2015 Section 1 True/False Indicate whether the statement is true or false. 1. Because of the dissolved salt in seawater its freezing point is higher than that of pure
More information4 Tides. What causes tides? How do tides vary?
CHAPTER 14 4 Tides SECTION The Movement of Ocean Water BEFORE YOU READ After you read this section, you should be able to answer these questions: What causes tides? How do tides vary? National Science
More informationBiome type of plant and animal community that covers large geographic areas
1 Physical Environment: Atmosphere and Oceans - Circulation EVPP 110 Lecture Fall 2003 Dr. Largen 2 Global Environments 3 Biome type of plant and animal community that covers large geographic areas Global
More informationTest on Chapters 7-11 Monday, April 28, 2014 No Calculator Required
Test on Chapters 7-11 Monday, April 28, 2014 No Calculator Required Chapter Sections: Oceans: 7.1 7.2 7.4 Bathymetry: 8.3 Earth s Interior: 10.1 10.2 10.3 Plate Tectonics: 11.1 11.2 11.3 Study/Review:
More informationContinental Drift. & Plate Tectonics
Continental Drift & Plate Tectonics Alfred Wegener, a German scientist, proposed the hypothesis of CONTINENTAL DRIFT, in 1912. Hypothesis stated: All Earth s continents were once a single landmass (Pangaea)
More informationEarth / Environmental Science. Ch. 14 THE OCEAN FLOOR
Earth / Environmental Science Ch. 14 THE OCEAN FLOOR The Blue Planet Nearly 70% of the Earth s surface is covered by the global ocean It was not until the 1800s that the ocean became an important focus
More informationChapter 2, Section 1 Planet Earth
Chapter 2, Section 1 Planet Earth (Pages 33 36) Setting a Purpose for Reading Think about these questions as you read: Where is Earth located in our solar system? How is Earth shaped? What is Earth s structure?
More informationThe Sea Floor. Chapter 2
The Sea Floor Chapter 2 Geography of the Ocean Basins World ocean is the predominant feature on the Earth in total area Northern Hemisphere = 61% of the total area is ocean. Southern Hemisphere = about
More informationA physical feature of the Earth s surface
Earth s Landforms A physical feature of the Earth s surface A physical feature of the Earth s surface LANDFORM Highest of Earth s physical features Highest of Earth s physical features MOUNTAIN Low area
More informationPlate Tectonics Unit II: Plate Boundaries (3.5 pts)
T. James Noyes, El Camino College Plate Tectonics Unit II: The Plate Boundaries (Topic 11A-2) page 1 Name: Section: Plate Tectonics Unit II: Plate Boundaries (3.5 pts) Plate Boundaries We will now discuss
More informationWarm Up Vocabulary Check
Warm Up Vocabulary Check Surface current Coriolis Effect global winds upwelling Gulf Stream deep current climate El Nino convection current continental deflection 1.The apparent curving of the path of
More information2. Can you describe how temperature and dissolved solids changes the density of water?
Unit 4: Oceanography LT 4.1 Density: I can explain the role density plays to help form some currents. #1 Yes I can: 1. Can you explain what density is and how you calculate it? 2. Can you describe how
More informationChapter 2: Physical Geography
Chapter 2: Physical Geography Pg. 39-68 Learning Goals for Chp2: q q q q q Explain how the Earth moves in space and why seasons change. Outline the factors that influence climate and recognize different
More informationChapter 17. Ocean and Coastal Processes
Chapter 17 Ocean and Coastal Processes Ocean Basins and Plates Ocean Basins Ocean Basins are profoundly different from the continents. Ocean crust is thin and dense and young. New ocean crust is generated
More informationWater on the Earth. The distribution of all the water found on the earth's surface.
Earth s Waters This is one of the water canals of the present-day system in Phoenix, Arizona. These canals were reconstructed from a system that was built by American Indians, then abandoned. Phoenix is
More informationOCN 201 Fall nd exam Section 1
Name: Student ID number _ Section _ OCN 201 Fall 2008 2nd exam Section 1 True/False Indicate whether the statement is true or false. 1. Because of the dissolved salt in seawater its freezing point is higher
More information1 Shoreline Erosion and Deposition
CHAPTER 12 1 Shoreline Erosion and Deposition SECTION Agents of Erosion and Deposition BEFORE YOU READ After you read this section, you should be able to answer these questions: What is a shoreline? How
More informationA) B) C) D) 4. Which diagram below best represents the pattern of magnetic orientation in the seafloor on the west (left) side of the ocean ridge?
1. Crustal formation, which may cause the widening of an ocean, is most likely occurring at the boundary between the A) African Plate and the Eurasian Plate B) Pacific Plate and the Philippine Plate C)
More informationPSc 201 Chapter 3 Homework. Critical Thinking Questions
PSc 201 Chapter 3 Homework Critical Thinking Questions 1. (adapted from text) Seawater is denser than fresh water. A ship moving from the Atlantic Ocean into the Great Lakes goes from seawater to fresh
More information1 Characteristics of the Atmosphere
CHAPTER 15 1 Characteristics of the Atmosphere SECTION The Atmosphere BEFORE YOU READ After you read this section, you should be able to answer these questions: What is Earth s atmosphere made of? How
More information6th Grade Science Sample Assessment Items S6E3c.
Composition 6th Grade Science Sample Assessment Items Ocean water differs from freshwater in that it has. A. a lower temperature B. a higher temperature C. a higher concentration of silicon dioxide D.
More informationYou should be able to identify a few of the key cultures, individuals and expeditions in the history of marine science:
Ocean History You should be able to identify a few of the key cultures, individuals and expeditions in the history of marine science: Phoenicians Arabs Micronesians Polynesians Aristotle Erikson Columbus
More informationChapter 02 The Sea Floor
Chapter 02 The Sea Floor Multiple Choice Questions 1. One of the following is not one of the world's major ocean basins: A. Atlantic Ocean B. Arctic Ocean C. Indian Ocean D. Antarctic Ocean E. Pacific
More informationAn Overview of Oceans
An Overview of Oceans Section 15.1 Bell Ringer: Name Earth s five oceans 1 An Overview of Oceans Oceanography is the scientific study of Earth s Oceans. In the 1800 s, the British ship H.M.S. Challenger
More informationChapter 1 Section 2. Land, Water, and Climate
Chapter 1 Section 2 Land, Water, and Climate Vocabulary 1. Landforms- natural features of the Earth s land surface 2. Elevation- height above sea level 3. Relief- changes in height 4. Core- most inner
More informationObjectives. Vocabulary
Shoreline Features Objectives Explain how shoreline features are formed and modified by marine processes. Describe the major erosional and depositional shoreline features. Vocabulary wave refraction beach
More informationScience 8 Chapter 2 Section 1
Science 8 Chapter 2 Section 1 Ocean Basins (pp. 38-51) The World s Oceans The five major oceans, in order from largest to smallest, are the Pacific, Atlantic, Indian, Southern, and Arctic The Southern
More informationwater erosion lithosphere Describe the process of erosion and deposition. chemical weathering Dissolving limestone is an example of.
At one time, there was one large island off the coast of Mississippi and now it is two separate islands. What caused the island to be split into two? water erosion The crust and the top part of the upper
More informationThe Deep Circulation of the Ocean
Activity 2 The Deep Circulation of the Ocean Activity 2 The Deep Circulation of the Ocean Goals In this activity you will: Understand how water temperature affects circulation within a body of water. Understand
More information