V. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATION

Transcription

1 V. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATION 5.1 CONCLUSIONS In general, sensitive areas are occupied by volcanic and sedimentary breccias, conglomerate, sandstone, limestone, claystone and alluvium, with slope controlled bigger than 15%. In some places, it is also occupied by igneous rock with slope controlled bigger dan 50%, particularly the areas which are dominantly contrlolled by geologic structure. Determination concerning unstable zone in term of sensitive area in research area is primarily supported by principal component analysis in determining iron-oxide and clay-hydroxyl (alteration zone) combined with geomorphological interpretation (geology structure & drainage pattern), slope and rock characteristics weighting. Based on Geological Hazard Risky Settlement on Figure 4.10, there are 215 villages in West Java (193) and Banten (22) province which occupied sensitive area (Table 4.4.), thus more detailed field-investigation can be focused concerning those area. 5.2 RECOMMENDATIONS In order to landscape study which mainly for settlement area, the area which rich contains of clay-hydroxyl and areas which have elongated alteration distribution pattrern constitute unstable areas which not suggested for settlement area. 52

2 Due to the limitation of time and other resources, the research was focused only to determine the Geological Hazard Sensitives Area based on satellite imagery and secondary data. Therefore, more detailed study in geomorphology and field-investigation in structural geology will be given more prefect analysis due to decision support system. Integrating with other data such geophysics and seismic data will produce more interactive dynamic map including to develop an information system for the purpose of decision making regarding geological hazard mitigation. 53

3 REFERENCES Aronoff, S Geographic Information System: A Management Perspective. WDL Publications. Ottawa. Canada. Asikin, S Geologi Struktur Indonesia, Laboratorium Geologi Dinamis, Jurusan Teknik Geologi, Institut Teknologi Bandung Bandung. Indonesia. Pp. 5-7 Asikin, S Gelogical Hazard Mitigation. Proceeding: Seminar on Geological Engineering, Pakuan University, Bogor. Baker, V.R Regional Landform Analysis; in N.M. Short Sr. and R. Blair Jr. (eds.) Geomorphology from Space. A Global Overview of Regional Landforms. NASA SP-486. Washington, D.C.: National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Bolt, B.A., Horn, W.L., MacDonald, G.A., & Scott, R.F Geological Hazards: Earthquakes-Tsunamis-Volcanoes-Avalanches-Landslide-Floods. Springer-Verlag, Berlin Heidelberg. New York. Pp. 288, 289 Brook, J.R.V. And Whitten, D.G.A.W The Penguin Dictionary of Geology., Penguin Books., USA. Densham P.J. And M.F. Goodchild Spatial Decision Support Systems: A Research Agenda. Proceeding GIS/LIS 89. Orlando. Eastman, J.R IDRISI Kilimanjaro: Guide to GIS & Image Processing., Clark Labs., Clark University, USA. Pp Howard, A.D. & Remson, I Geology in Environmental Planning. McGraw-Hill, Inc. USA. Pp. 433, 436 Irsyam, M Development of the Existing Seismic Hazard Map of Indonesia 2002 and Required Future Improvement. Proceeding: The 8th Field Wise Seminar on Geological Engineering Field and The 3rd International Symposium & Exhibition on Earth Resources and Geological Engineering Education., Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta, Indonesia. Kearey, P. & Vine, F.J Global Tectonics. Blackwell Scientific Publications. London. Pp. 73, 74. Lillesand, T.M., and Kiefer, R.W Remote Sensing and Image Interpretation., John Wiley and Sons, New York. 54

4 Microsoft Microsoft Encarta Referenc Library Premium. Microsoft Corporation All rights Reserved. Montgomery, C.W. And Dathe, D Earth: Then and Now., Wm. C. Brown Publishers, USA. Moore, J.H., and Chang, M.G Design of Decision Support Systems. Database, Vol. 12, Nos. 1 and 2. Natawidjaja, D.H., Latief, H Preliminary analysis of the tsunami-earthquake disaster in Pangandaran-Kebumen coastal areas, 17 July Proceeding: The 8th Field Wise Seminar on Geological Engineering Field and The 3rd International Symposium & Exhibition on Earth Resources and Geological Engineering Education., Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta, Indonesia. Sabins, Floyd F Remote Sensing: Principles and Interpretation 2 nd ed., Remote Sensing Enterprise: USA. Pp. 2, 5, 4-6, 8; Sampurno Geologi Gerakan Tanah di Jawa Barat. Laporan Penelitian Proyek. Kerjasama Departemen Geologi ITB dengan PEMDA Jawa Barat dan Jawatan Pekerjaan Umum Jawa Barat. Pp. 79. Thornbury, William D Principles of Geomorphology. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Pp. 19, Turban. E Decision Support and Expert Systems Management Support System. US : Prentice-Hall International, Inc. 55

5 APPENDICES

6 Lebak Bogor Sukabumi Cianjur Purwakarta Karawang Subang Bandung Garut Appendix 1

7 Appendix - 2 Settlement Extraction from Landsat Imagery by means of ER Mapper and ArcView/ArcGIS Landsat 7 ETM+ Path/Row: 122/65 Aq. Date: 07/18/2001 Band 321 Images Enhancement using Histogram in ER Mapper Enhanced Images Band 542 Classification using ISOCLASS Unsupervised method next page... Appendix 2-1

8 (ISOCLASS unsupervised method) continued... Unsupervised Classification Filter for spatial generation Classess of Landcover Reclassify Reclassify land cover for settlement area (Class 5,6,7) Convert & Query next page... Appendix 2-2

9 (ISOCLASS unsupervised method) continued... Convert all classification result (raster) from both images to vector by means of ArcGIS/ArcView software. Classified Imagery Query Settlement > 10 Hectare settlement area Appendix 2-3

10 Appendix - 3 Creating Alteration Zone by means of ER Mapper Make virtual dataset of landsat imagery, consists of : 1. Band Band 1457 Create PCA for each virtual dataset included PC1,PC2,PC3, and PC4 1. PC1234 from Virtual dataset Band PC1234 from Virtual dataset Band 1457 Iron Oxide is correlated in Band 1 and Band 3 and saved in PC4 and Clay hydroxile saved in Band 5 and Band 7 Make virtual dataset of PC4 from PC4 of Band 1,3 and PC4 from PC4 of Band 5,7 1. PC Iron from PC4 of Band1,3 2. PC Clay from PC4 of Band 5,7 Put PC Iron in Red Layer, PC Clay in Blue Layer and Green Layer is Additional among each PC's with formula : PC4 Iron + PC4 Clay Enhanced the histogram and filter each layer with Median 3x3

11 Appendix - 4 Slope Generating from SRTM by means of Global Mapper & ArcGIS SRTM image by Global Mapper Export to TIFF Reduce minus value from SRTM using formula in ArcGIS Create contour interval 45 meter from SRTM using formula in ArcGIS Creating TIN next page... Appendix 4-1

12 (Slope generating from SRTM) continued... Creating TIN using formula in ArcGIS Creating DEM from TIN using ArcGIS Creating slope in percent using formula in ArcGIS Reclassify slope next page... Appendix 4-2

13 (Slope generating from SRTM) continued... Reclassify slope in percent using formula in ArcGIS NoData NoData Appendix 4-3

14 Appendix - 5 GEOLOGIC TIME SCALE Relative Duration of Major Geologic Intervals E r a P e r i o d E p o c h Cenozoic Mesozoic Cenozoic Quarternary Tertiary Holocene Pleistocene Pliocene Miocene Oligocene Eocene Paleocene Approximate Duration in Millons of Years Approx. the last Milllions of Years Ago 10,000 years Paleozoic Cretaceous Jurassic Mesozoic Triassic Permian Carboniferrous Pennsylvanian Mississippian Devonian Silurian Ordovician Paleozoic Cambrian Precambrian Precambrian 4,030 4,600