PLANET EARTH CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS. Cesare Emiliani. Cosmology, Geology, and the Evolution off Life and Environment
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1 PLANET EARTH Cosmology, Geology, and the Evolution off Life and Environment Cesare Emiliani Department of Geological Sciences, The University of Miami CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS
2 Preface page xi PART I PROLEGOMENA: SCIENCE AND RELIGION CHAPTER 1 Monumental Scientific Discoveries, Units of Measurement, and a Warning About This Book 1.1 Monumental Scientific Discoveries 1.2 Units of Measurement 1.3 A Warning About This Book PART II MATTER AND ENERGY 19 CHAPTER Z CHAPTER 3 AtOI The Atomic Nucleus ns ana morons Atoms States of Matter Entropy The Chemical Bond The Uncertainty Principle Photons Elementary Particles Formation of Atomic Nuclei Radioactivity Radiometric Dating Methods PART HI COSMOLOGY 65 CHAPTER 4 Birth of the Universe CHAPTER 5 Measuring the Universe 5.1 Trigonometric Functions 5.2 Ancient Astronomy 5.3 Medieval Astronomy
3 Vl CONTENTS 5.4 Renaissance Astronomy Modern Astronomy 90 CHAPTER 6 The Objects in the Sky The Microwave Background Radiation The Sun The Stars Neutron Stars and Black Holes Supernovae Galaxies CHAPTER 7 The Solar System Sun and Planets Formation of the Planets Comets Planets and Satellites Asteroids Meteorites CHAPTER 8 Earth in Space Motions of the Earth The Calendar The Seasons PART IV GEOLOGY 163 CHAPTER 9 Minerals and Gems Chemical Composition of the Earth Mineral Structures Symmetry Crystal Structures Crystal Defects Mineral Properties Phase Diagrams Gems 186 CHAPTER 1 0 Igneous Rocks and Volcanism Rock-forming Minerals Igneous Rocks Emplacement of Igneous Rocks Volcanism 201 CHAPTER 1 1 The Earth's Interior Gravity and Isostasy Stress and Strain Mechanical Waves 213
4 Vll 11.4 Seismic Waves 11.5 Earthquakes 11.6 Internal Structure of the Earth 11.7 The Earth's Internal Heat 11.8 The Earth's Magnetic Field CHAPTER 12 Plate Tectonics Plates Plate Motions Continental Margins Midplate Seismicity What Plate Tectonics Explains j CHAPTER 13 The Atmosphere 254 h i * 1 CHAPTER : The Hydrosphere The Oceans Radiation Balance Composition Structure Motions Atmospheric Pressure Cyclones and Anticyclones Evaporation and Precipitation Storms Composition Circulation Marginal Seas Waves Tides Groundwater and Surface Water Groundwater Streams felCHAPTER E E Er 15 Sediments and Sedimentary Rocks Weathering Soils Sediments and Sediment Transport Sedimentary Rocks Porosity and Permeability CHAPTER 1 6 Sedimentary Environments 16.1 The Continental Environment 16.2 The Glacial-Marine Environment 16.3 The Marine Environment 16.4 The Vent Environment
5 Vlll CONTENTS CHAPTER 1 7 Diagenesis, Metamorphism, and Rock Deformation Diagenesis of Sediments Diagenesis of Organic Matter and Formation of Fossil Fuels Rock Deformation Trapping Hydrocarbons Metamorphism CHAPTER 18 Stratigraphy Development of Stratigraphy Ancient Sections Marine Transgressions Correlation and Relative Dating Unconformities PART V EVOLUTION OF LIFE AND ENVIRONMENT 369 CHAPTER 1 9 Origin and Early Evolution of Life Origin of Life The Molecules of Life Early Life on Earth: The Bacteria Photosynthesis Metabolism Reproduction and Function Cyanobacteria Prochlorophyta Viruses and Viroids 402 CHAPTER 2 O The Cryptozoic: Sections and Taxa Overview Cryptozoic Sections The Eucaryotic Cell Genetics in a Capsule Evolution and Extinction Dinoflagellata, Chlorophyta, and Euglenophyta Porifera The Ediacaran Fauna Cnidaria (Coelenterates) Platyhelminthes Nematoda Annelida Brachiata The Cryptozoic-Phanerozoic Transition 444 CHAPTER 2 1 Early Phanerozoic Phyla and Related Taxa Rhizopoda Archaeocyatha 451
6 IX Hyohtha Mollusca Brachiopoda Arthropoda Echinodermata Chaetognatha Conodonta Hemichordata Chordata CHAPTER 22 The Paleozoic Cambrian Bryozoa Ordovician Silurian Devonian Mississippian Pennsylvanian Permian CHAPTER 23 The Mesozoic The Breakup of Pangea The Triassic Haptophyta The Jurassic Bacillariophyta The Cretaceous CHAPTER 24 The < Cenozoic The Paleogene The Neogene The Quaternary What Next? PART VI THE HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE 553 The Greeks The Romans The Arabs Medieval Science Modern Science Index of Names PART VII APPENDIXES 583 APPENDIX A Physical and Chemical Data Al Constants
7 A2 A3 A4 A5 A6 A7 A8 A9 A10 All A12 A13 A14 A15 A16 Conversion Factors Earth: Astronomical and Geophysical Data Elementary Particles Elements Elements: Electron Structure Gems Geological Time Scale Isotope Chart Minerals Periodic Table Planets: Physical Data Symbols and Abbreviations Taxonomy Units of Measurement Units and Their Definitions APPENDIX B Chemical Formulary 679 PART VIII REFERENCES AND SUBJECT INDEX 693 Sources for the Illustrations and the Tables 694 For Reference and for Learning 699 Subject Index 701
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