SERPENTINE AND ITS VEGETATION
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1 SERPENTINE AND ITS VEGETATION A Multidisciplinary Approach by Robert Richard Brooks, Ph.D. CROOM HELM London and Sydney
2 CONTENTS PREFACE 1 PART ONE SERPENTINE ECOLOGY Chapter 1 GENERAL INTRODUCTION 5 Chapter 2 THE NATURE, OCCURRENCE, AND COMPOSITION OF ULTRAMAFIC ROCKS 2.1 Introduction Ultramafic rock associations The mineralogy and major element composition of ultramafic rocks Serpentinization of ultramafic rocks Trace elements in ultramafic rocks 15 Chapter 3 THE FORMATION AND COMPOSITION OF SERPENTINE SOILS 3.1 Introduction Some physical properties of serpentine soils Lateritic soils Siderophiles and plant nutrients in serpentine soils > The genesis of serpentine soils Biological weathering 28 Chapter 4 THE SERPENTINE FACTOR 4.1 Introduction Plant-available concentrations of elements in serpentine soils Toxic heavy metals as a serpentine factor Calcium and magnesium as serpentine factors General conclusions 53 Chapter 5 SERPENTINE AND AGRICULTURE 5.1 Introduction Serpentine as an additive to fertilizers Agricultural exploitation of serpentine soils Revegetating serpentinitic mine dumps and tailings 65 Chapter 6 PLANT EVOLUTION AND SERPENTINE 6.1 Introduction Neoendemism, palaeoendemism and the time factor Studies of speciation among serpentine plants 76
3 Chapter 7 ANIMALS AND SERPENTINE 7.1 Introduction Mammals and serpentine Fish, reptiles and serpentine Insects and serpentine 81 Chapter 8 THE DISTRIBUTION AND PHYTOCHEMISTRY OF PLANTS WHICH HYPERACCUMULATE NICKEL 8.1 Introduction The distribution of hyperaccumulators of nickel The phytochemistry of hyperaccumulators of nickel General discussion 103 Chapter 9 KIMBERLITES, CARBONATITES AND THEIR VEGETATION 9.1 Introduction The composition and distribution of kimberlites The vegetation of kimberlites and carbonatites 112 PART TWO SERPENTINE VEGETATION OF THE WORLD Chapter INTRODUCTION TO SERPENTINE VEGETATION OF THE WORLD Chapter 11 NORTH AMERICA 11.1 Geology and tectonics Western North America Eastern United States Eastern Canada 147 Chapter 12 TROPICAL AMERICA 12.1 Introduction Cuba Puerto Rico Brazil 166 Chapter 13 NORTHWEST EUROPE 13.1 Geology and tectonics Great Britain Norway Sweden Finland Biogeochemical prospecting in Fennoscandia 203 Chapter 14 CENTRAL AND SOUTHERN EUROPE 14.1 Geology and tectonics The Iberian Peninsula Continental France Central Europe 222
4 14.5 Italy and Corsica Yugoslavia and Albania Greece A summary of serpentine plant communities in the whole of Europe 252 Chapter 15 CONTINENTAL ASIA 15.1 Geology and tectonics Russia in Asia Anatolia Iran Oman India and Sri Lanka 276 Chapter 16 JAPAN 16.1 Geology and tectonics Historical introduction to the serpentine vegetation of Japan A broad overview of the Japanese serpentine flora The phytosociology of the Japanese serpentine flora The serpentine vegetation of specific regions of Japan Disjunctions in Japanese serpentine plants The composition and origin of the serpentine flora of Japan Biogeochemical studies on Japanese serpentine plants 299 Chapter 17 AFRICA 17.1 Geology and tectonics Zimbabwe South Africa Phytosociological studies of the serpentine flora of Southern Africa i", Biogeochemical studies of the serpentine flora of Southern Africa 312 Chapter 18 THE MALAY ARCHIPELAGO 18.1 The environment The serpentine vegetation 319 Chapter 19 NEW CALEDONIA 19.1 The environment Soils " General overview of the serpentine flora of New Caledonia Plant communities over serpentine Biogeochemical investigations on the serpentine flora General conclusions 350 Chapter 20 AUSTRALIA 20.1 General geology and tectonics The geology of the Yilgarn Craton The vegetation types of Western Australia 357
5 20.4 The serpentine vegetation of Western Australia Biogeochemical studies in Western Australia Studies on the serpentine vegetation of the Coolac Serpentinite Belt 370 Chapter 21 NEW ZEALAND 21.1 Geology and tectonics An overview of the New Zealand serpentine vegetation A description of the vegetation of selected serpentine sites Biogeochemical studies on the serpentine flora Ecotypic differentiation in the New Zealand serpentine flora EPILOGUE 401 GLOSSARY OF TERMS 403 BOTANICAL INDEX 409 GEOGRAPHICAL INDEX 441 SUBJECT INDEX 449
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