ACTA ANTHROPOLOGICA SINICA

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1 ACTA ANTHROPOLOGICA SINICA Vol128,No14 Nov ,2, 2,3, 1,2, 1,2 1,2, 1,2, 1,2 (11, ; 21, ; 31, ) : ,,,, (), ;,,,, : ; ; 12 ; : K : A : (2009) [1 ],,,,,,, [2,3 ],,,,,, 1980 [4 ], : ; : : ( KZCX22YW2Q1204) ; (2006CB806400) ; (2007FY110200) : (19622),,,, E2mail ac. cn

2 [5 ],, ,,,, , [6 ],, 12,, km,N , E , m 2,14, [7 ],, 50m,10m, 116m,, 2 ; ; (1),,, ,307kg,12m 2,,,,,, g, 60 % 20 50g,18 % g,5 % g, 150g 115 % ;55 % 215 5cm,, 1 12 Fig11 Microlithic artifacts from Shuidonggou Locality 12

3 4 : %,, 40 %,, (2,3),,,, 2 Fig12 Burned stones from Shuidonggou Locality 12 3 Fig13 Pieces of burned stones from Shuidonggou Locality 12, ;,,, :, 3,, :a. ;b. ( 2 ) ;c. ( 2 ) ;d. ;e.,2 : :,,,,, , 2 :1),(1 ) ;2)

4 332 28, (2 ) ;3) :,,,, , 2 :1) (1 ),,(2,4) 4 2, Fig14 Burned stones by experiment ;2), 3 5, (3 ),,, ;3) (4 ) ;4) ;5), 2, : 1),12 2 3, 3,,,,,,() 2),, ;,,,,, 3),, ;,,, 4),,,,,,,??

5 4 : , 10km,,, ; ,,,, [7 ], ; 20 [8 ],,, (Lepus sp. ) ( Meles meles) (Cervidae) ( Gazella przewalskyi) ( Bubalus sp. ) ( Sus sp. ) ( Equus przewalskyi),,,, 412, m,, 26km, 1 [9 ] 1,,,,,, 70, 3,,,,,,,, 3, 30,,, ;, :,,, 12,,

6 334 28, 1 Tab11 Chemical tests on water samples collected from the Shuidonggou site (mgπl) (mgπl) < DL 4 ph < DL < DL 110 < DL < DL 110 < DL < DL < DL < DL (mgπl) (mgπl) < DL < DL < DL < DL < DL < DL 0101 < DL < DL < DL < DL 0105 < DL < DL ΠmL ΠL mgπl < DL < DL : ( GB ), :, ,,(),,, 12 2 ;,,, [10 ], ;,,,,, [11,12 ], (Assineboins) (stone boilers),,,,,,

7 4 : , 12 1,,, [13 ] Gesher Benot Yaπaqvo,70 80, [14,15 ], 10 [16 ] 3 2,, ,,;,, ;, 12,,,, 2,12,,, : ;, : [ 1 ] Licent E, Teilhard de Chardin P. Le Pal olithique de la Chine. LπAnthropologie, 1925, 25 : [ 2 ] Kozlowski J K. The problem of the so2called Ordos culture in the light of the Paleolithic finds from northern China and southern Mongolia. Folia Quaternaria, 1971, 39 : [ 3 ],..,2006,26 (4) : [ 4 ] :,2003, [ 5 ],,Madsen DB..,2002,21 (3) : [ 6 ],,,...,,, :,2008, [ 7 ],,,. 12.,2008,27 (4) : [ 8 ].. :,1964, [ 9 ].. [ 2006 ]35236 ( ,). [10 ],,.. :,1983 :

8 [11 ] Thoms AV. The fire stones carry : Ethnographic records and archaeological expectations for hot2rock cookery in western North America. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology, 2008, 27 : [12 ] Thoms AV. Rocks of ages : propagation of hot2rock cookery in western North America. Journal of Archaeological Science, 2009, 36 : [13 ] James S. Hominid use of fire in the lower and middle Pleistocene. Current Anthropology, 1989, 30 : [14 ] Goren2Inbar N, Alperson N, Kislev M, et al. Evidence of hominin control of fire at Gesher Benot Yaπaqvo, Israel. Science, 2004, 304 : [15 ] Wu X. Investigating the possible use of fire at Zhoukoudian, China. Science, 1999, 283 :299. [16 ] Liu Wu, Wu Xianzhu, Li Yiyin, et al. Evidence of fire use of late Pleistocene humans from Huanglong Cave, Hubei Province, China. Chinese Science Bulletin, 2009, 54 (2) : A Study of Fire2Use Activities at Shuidonggou Locality 12 GAO Xing 1,2, WAN G Hui2min 2,3, LIU De2cheng 1,2, PEI Shu2wen 1,2 CHEN Fu2you 1,2, ZHAN G Xiao2ling 1,2, ZHAN G Yue 1,2 (1. Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing ; 2. Laboratory of Human Evolution and Archaeometry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing ; 3. Ningxia Institute of Archaeology, Yinchuan ) Abstract : In 2007, over ten thousand cracked stone pieces were unearthed during a test excavation from a thick ashy layer at Locality 12 of the Shuidonggou Paleolithic site in the Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, North China. The cultural horizon yielding such fractured stone was dated to BP by AMS and OSL methods. Morphological observations and lithological analysis of the broken stones indicated that they were the result of ancient human selection, transport, heating, and utilization. Experimental studies on similar lithic materials support the idea that such cracked pieces went through the process of repeated heating and water immersion. Therefore, it is presumed that these pieces werecook stonesused by ancient humans to aid in the cooking of foods and boiling of water. Chemical tests on water samples collected from ground and underground sources near the site indicate a high intestinal Bacillus content, and thus natural water could not have been utilized directly without heat treatment. Paleoenvironmental studies point out that during the late Upper Pleistocene, many kinds of plant food resources were available to human groups living in the region, and that some of such plant foods, especially seeds, would be edible to humans only after being boiled or cooked. It is the first time that evidence of complex and an indirect way of fire use, i. e., hot2rock cookery, has been recognized from Paleolithic remains in China, and thus, such boiling stones provide valuable information for studying ancient human adaptative strategies and the development of human fire2use history. Key words : Burnt stones ; Hot2rock cookery ; Shuidonggou Locality 12 ; Late Upper Pleistocene