QUATERNARY SC IENCES

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1 QUATERNARY SC IENCES Vol. 28, No. 6 November, (2008) (, ;, ;, ) 10 7,,,,(),, :, ;, :,, K878, Q981 A :, [ 1 ],, 601m, N, [ 2 ], E, Gifford [ 3 ],3,7, : [ 1 ] ( actor), 10 [ 1 ],,, ( 1a) ; 40, ( effector),, ; 112 : Carl Zeiss stem i2000, ; Keyence VHX2600, ,, ; Roland P IX230 /4, 0105mm ( action),, : 35 E2mail: clum sy@cqnu1edu1cn 3 ( : KZCX2 - YW - 106)( : ) ,

2 6 : Fig11 Standards of divisions and statistics of surface modifications, :,,, ( ), 2 37, CLMA ( 2c ) CLMA08017( 2a), [ 6 ] 2c,,,, 21112,,,, U, ; (,, 90 ),Dom inguez [ 7 ] :, 2d CLMA08032 ;,,,, [ 4 ], 21113,,,, ( shoulder effects) [ 5 ],,,,,, ( ), ( ), CLMA08007( 2b),,,, 1mm, ( ) CLMA08036 ( 2e),, 213mm, 818mm,,

3 ( a, b) ( cut marks) ( c)( cone fractures) ( d) ( scrap ing marks) ( e, f) ( chopp ing marks) ( g) (percussion marks) ( a, c) CLMA08017 ( b) CLMA08007 ( d) CLMA08032 ( e) CLMA08036 ( f) CLMA08006 ( g) CLMA08031 Fig12 Human oriented modifications, CLMA08006, ( 2f 6 ),,512mm,, CLMA08031 ( 2g),, U, ( 3a) ( 3b ), ( 3b ), [ 8 ], ( 3c) U

4 6 : ( a) U ( tooth marks p roduced by rodents with U shaped transect) ( b), ( the warp on the ends of tooth marks, and the chattermarks in the tooth marks) ( c)( bone fractures were rounded by rodents) ( d) U ( the linear grooves on one surface of bone fracture, and the corresponding U shaped grooves on another face, both p roduced by rodents) ( a, b) ClMA08024 ( c) CLMA08021 ( d) CLMA08025 Fig13 Tooth marks by the rodents 4 ( a) (perforation p roduced by carnivores, associated with grooves) ( b) ( blind hole by carnivores) ( c)( furrow modification by carnivores) ( d) ( the ellip tical tooth marks by carnivores, associated with grooves) ( a) CLMA08001 ( b) CLMA08003 ( c, d) CLMA08039) Fig14 Tooth marks by the carnivores,, CLMA08025 U ( 3d ),,

5 /, CLMA08001 ( 4a),,3217mm,1816mm;,2212mm,1012mm, ( 4a m2m ), U,119mm,013mm,, ( 4a), (,, ), Eickhoff Herrmann [ 9 ], CLMA08003 ( 4b), 1016mm,213mm,, ( 4b n2n ) B rain [ 10 ],, CLMA08039 ( 4c) :, (, ),, ( 4c ),,, CLMA08039 ( 4d) U, 213,, 3, 20 [ 11 ],,,,, , 1, 39 3 ( 1b) :, ;,, ;,, 1 ( 1c) : / 3, // 22 3, 4 312, , 4, 64%, 24% 12%; 70%, 10% 20%,

6 6 : Table 1 D istributions of human oriented modifications on three bone elements / ( ) / ( %) / ( ) ( ) / ( %) / ( ) ( ) / ( %) / ( ) ( ) / ( %) / ( ) ,,,,, Table 2 D istributions of human oriented modifications on the upper limb bones / ( ) / ( %) / ( / ) / ( ) / ( %) / ( / ) ( ) / ( %) / ( / ) Table 3 D istributions of human oriented modifications on the axial bones / / ( ) / ( %) / ( ) / ( ) / ( %) / ( ) / 4 Table 4 Combination of human oriented modifications and animal oriented modifications ( ) / ( %) ( ) / ( %) ( ) / ( %) ( ) / ( %) ( ) / ( %) ( ) / ( %) ,,, Dom inguez [ 7, 12 ],,, 4,,, 23,,, 4 39, 4, 1013%,,

7 ,,,,,,,( ), 4 411, [ 13 ] [ 14 ],, [ 15 ],,,, 412 (1),,, ( ),,,,, (2),,,, [ 13 ],,,, 413,, (R e fe rence s) 1.. :, W u Xianzhu. Yunxi ManA Report of the Excavation of Huanglong Cave Site. Beijing: Science Press, ,,.., 2008, 28 (6) : W u Xianzhu, L i Yujie, Pei Shuwen et al. Research on surface modification marks on fossil bones from Bailong Cave Site, Yunxi, Hubei. Q uaternary Sciences, 2008, 28 (6) : Gifford G D. Bones are not enough: Analogues, knowledge, and interpretive strategies in Zooarchaeology. A rchaeology, 1991, 10 (3) : Journal of Anthropological 4 Shipman P. App lications of scanning electron m icroscopy to taphonmom ic problem s. Annals of the N ew York Academ y of Sciences, 1981, 376 (1) : Shipman P, Rose J. Early hom inid hunting, butchering, and carcass processing behaviors: App roaches to the fossil record. Anthropological A rchaeology, 1983, 2: Journal of 6 B romage T G, Boyde A. M icroscop ic criteria for the determ ination of directionality of cutmarks on bone. Am erican Journal of Physical Anthropology, 1984, 65 (4) : Dom inguez R M. Testingmeat2eating in early hom inids: An analysis of butchery marks on defleshed carcasses. Hum an Evolution, 1997, 12 (3) : Bunn H T. A rchaeological evidence for meat2eating by Plio2 Pleistocene hom inids from Koobi Fora and O lduvai Gorge. N ature, 1981, 291: Eickhoff S, Herrmann B. Surface marks on bones from a Neolithic Collective Grave (Odagsen, Lower Saxony). A study on differential diagnosis. Journal of Hum an Evolution, 1985, 14 (3) : Brain C K. The Hunters or the Hunted?: An Introduction to African Cave Taphonomy. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, Dominguez R M. Hunting and scavenging by early humans: The state of

8 6 : 1041 the debate. Journal of W orld Prehistory, 2002, 16 (1) : Dom inguez R M. Flesh availability and bone modification in carcasses consumed by lions: Palaeoecological relevance in hom inid foraging patterns. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclim atology, Palaeo2 ecology 1999, 149 (1) : ,,.., 2006, 51 (16) : W u Xianzhu, L iu W u, Gao Xing et al. Huanglong Cave a new Late Pleistocene hom inid site in Hubei Province, China. Chinese Science B ulletin, 2006, 51 (20) : ,,.., 2008, 28 (6) : Pei Shuwen, Wu Xianzhu, Wu Xiujie. Preliminary study of lithic technique and adaptive behavior of hominid at Huanglong Cave, Yunxi Hubei Province. Quaternary Sciences, 2008, 28 (6) : ,,.., 2007, 27 (3) : W u Xianhzu, Pei Shuwen,W u Xiujie et al. Prelim inary study of cave development and burial environment at YunxiMan site. Q uaternary Sciences, 2007, 27 (3) : RESEARCH O N BO NE SURFACE MOD I F ICAT IO NS FROM HUANGLO NG CAVE S ITE, I N HUBE I PRO V I NCE W ang Yunfu W u Xianzhu Pei Shuwen Zhong L iying ( Science A rchaeology Laboratory, Chongqing N orm al U niversity, Chongqing ; Institute of V ertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese A cadem y of Sciences, B eijing ; Laboratory of Hum an Evolution and Environm ental D ynam ics A cadem y of Sciences, B eijing ) Abstract Huanglong Cave Site at Yunxi Country in Hubei Province, China, dated about 100 thousand years ago, was excavated three times during 2004 and Seven teeth of Hom o sapiens and many mammal fossils, associated w ith stone and bone artifacts were uncovered. The m aterials researched in this article were forty bone fractures that had evident surface modifications obtained at this site. Samp les were exam ined carefully w ith integrated observing technologies including the use of op tic m icroscope, digital m icroscope w ith super2dep th of field, and three2dimension scanner. According to the difference of original agents, three kinds of surface modifications were identified, and they were Hum an oriented modifications ( including cutting marks, scrap ing marks, chopp ing m arks and percussion marks), animal oriented modifications( including tooth marks p roduced by rodents and carnivores) and taphonom ic modifications. The distributions and combinations of all kinds of surface modifications were quantified after observing and identifying p rocess. First, the distributions of Human oriented modifications on three bone elements were quantified, and three bone elements were upper lim b bones( referring all the bones on the animalsπfour lim bs excep t the m etapodials), axial bones ( referring skulls, vertebras and ribs) and unidentified bones. Secondly, the distributions of Human oriented modifications on different anatom ical sections were quantified. The p rimary quantifying results were that there were 25 and 10 bone fractures in upper limb bones and axial bones respectively, and there were only 4 bone fractures in unidentified bones. The percentage of cut bone fractures, scraped ones and chopped ones in upper limb bones were 64%, 24% and 12% respectively, and the percentage of cut ones, scraped ones and chopped ones in axial bones were 70%, 10% and 20% respectively. The two group s of percentages were sim ilar meaning that butchering activities scattered equally on all the bones of animals relatively. More than 70% ( table 1) of cutting modifications were on m iddle shafts that had rich meat resource. There are only 1013% ( table 4) bone fractures that had the combinations Hum an oriented modifications and animal oriented modification. The researching results supported the conclusion advanced p reviously by other researchers that bone deposits at Huanglong Cave site were situ ones, and showed that hunting and butchering activities were mainly responsible for the form ation of the deposit. Careful butchering work were performed in the cave after the games were obtained in the surrounding areas and concentrated in the cave. Food sharing activities also had been conducted by the dwellers in Huanglong Cave. The butchering actions once conducted by p riority were cutting, scrap ing, chopp ing and smashing. Large p roportion of cut marks were for the defleshing activities, some cut marks on the ep iphysis sections and most chopp ing marks were the results of carcass disassembling, and the percussion marks were involved in marrow eating and bone artifacts m anufacturing activities. In addition, animal oriented modifications associated w ith the Human oriented modifications reflected that carnivores and rodents also m ade use of some of the bone assem blage. Key wordshuanglong Cave site, surface modifications, Human behaviors, hunting, butchering