Acid sulfate soils in Finland Anton Boman
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1 Acid sulfate soils in Finland Anton Boman Senior Scientist, Environmental geology, GTK
2 Definition of acid sulfate soils (ASS) ASS are defined as any soil, sediment, till or peat that contain sulfidic material which upon oxidation produce sulfuric acid that lowers the soil-ph to less than 4. Soil Sediment Glacial till Peat Sulfide oxidation ph < 4.0 ASS
3 Iron sulfide formation Greigite Greigite Sulfides form under waterlogged and reducing conditions: 1) SO 4 + bact. + org. matter H 2 S Mackinawite 2) H 2 S + (ox. products) + Fe FeS & FeS 2 Pyrite Bottom sediments (estuaries, ocean etc.) Below the groundwater table in soils Greigite Ditch bottoms Black colour due to FeS
4 Process of ASS development In an undisturbed state below the water table (anoxic conditions), ASS materials pose no risk = potential ASS. Sulfide oxidation turns potential ASS into active ASS. Potential ASS Sulfide formation Insignificant oxidation Active ASS Sulfide oxidation
5 Problems related to ASS Photo: Kari Saari Al & Fe precipitates Fish kills Metal pollution Acidity Corrosion of concrete and steel Poor geotechnical stability Photo: Kari Saari Photo: Peter Österholm
6 Fine-grained ASS Coarse-grained ASS Sulfidic peat Photo: Emmi Rankonen Oxidised horizon ph ph 2.4 Peat covered ASS Reduced parent material ph ~7 Photo: Peter Österholm ph 1.9 Photo: Peter Edén Photo: Emmi Rankonen Sulfidic till ph 3.4
7 Occurrence of Finnish ASS Sulfidic sediments started to form during the Littorina Sea stage above the sea surface due to post-glacial uplift. Located on farmlands, forests, peat lands etc. New potential ASS are continuously forming in shallow waters. Black schist s and peat also outside the Littorina Sea area. Uplifted fine-grained sediments (high S%) Black sulfidic sand (low S%) Photo: Peter Edén
8 More metals and acidity from fine-grained ASS than from coarse-grained ASS Not all ASS are equally harmful!
9 More metals from Finnish ASS than from the entire Finnish industry t/year t/year ASS Industry t/year t/year
10 Elevated metal concentrations in stream waters Poor ecological status of surface waters
11 Metal-rich plumes into the sea Vaasa
12 ASS mapping in Finland since 2009 (done 2020?) Area to be mapped Area below the highest level of the Littorina Sea c ha c.1-2 observations / 2 km 2 Sampling plan based on available data (LiDAR, airborne geophysics, soil maps etc.) General ASS mapping 1: Mapped by the end of 2017 Littorina border Mapping situation (end of 2017) c ha mapped (73%) > observation points c chemical analyses
13 Sampling, analysis and classification Soil probing & sampling 2-3 m depth Soil type & texture Oxidation depth Groundwater level field-ph Analyses Incubation-pH ICP-OES LOI Grain size Photo: Arja Korjus-Hietala The soil is classified according to ph Field-pH < 4.0 = ASS Incubation-pH < 4.0 = ASS 9-19 w.
14 Data is available on GTK s map service
15 Conclusions The problems associated with ASS are because of anthropogenic actions and not because of land-uplift and natural oxidation. Subsurface drainage has accelerated the leaching of metals and acidity. More metals are released into the environment from ASS than from the entire Finnish industry. The acidifying potential varies among different types of ASS materials all ASS are not equally harmful! ASS mapping will be done no later than (hopefully!)
16 Thank you for your attention!
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