SECTION II. The Physical World: The Earth, Climate and Water. Page 2-1

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1 SECTION II The Physical World: The Earth, Climate and Water Page 2-1

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3 Introduction The Earth Assignment The shape of the earth is in large part a product of the movement of its tectonic plates across its surface over billions of years. The objectives of this assignment are to have you: identify the world s major tectonic plates and the boundaries between them locate major earthquakes, volcanos and landscape features effectively communicate this information on a map using symbols to a reader describe the relationship between the plates and major physical landscape features To do this assignment you need coloured pencils please come equipped! Instructions Use ArcExplorer to prepare a map showing major tectonic plates, earthquakes and volcanoes: 1. Open ArcExplorer 2. Add the layer 'plates.shp' (in the 'world' directory of the data directory). - Right-click on this layer in the TOC to open the Properties menu and then: under Colour, change to light gray change the width of the line used to show the plates to '3' from '1' to make the plate boundaries stand out more clearly under the Labels tab, add the names of the plates, change the text size to 12, the colour to magenta, and make them bold - this will make them easier to see and read on the map 3. Add the layer 'countries.shp', open its Properties menu and make it transparent. 4. Add the layer 'qks gt4.shp' (this shows earthquakes of magnitude of greater than 4 from ) and then: - select this layer by clicking on qks gt4 in the TOC. - use the 'QueryBuilder' to find those earthquakes during this period with a magnitude of greater than 7.5 on the Richter scale. - how many of these very large earthquakes are there? (also record on answer sheet) - with the earthquakes layer on top of the others, the plate boundaries are obscured; to allow us to see these boundaries more clearly, drag the earthquakes layer to the bottom of the list of layers in the TOC; the earthquakes that you found in the query building step should remain on top and be easier to see - rename this layer by right-clicking on it in the TOC, choose rename and make it Major Quakes ' & press Enter. - Use the Properties menu of this layer to: Change the colour of the symbol used to show the quakes to 'yellow' Change the size of the symbol used to '5' from '6' 5. Add the layer 'volcanoes.shp' and rename it 'Major Volcanic Eruptions' - use the Properties menu of this layer to: Change the symbol used for volcanoes to a 'triangle' Change their colour to 'green' Change their size to '5' from '6' - how many of these volcanoes are there (see the Attribute Table)? Page 2-3

4 6. Go to the Layout view. Click on the globe at the bottom to re-centre and resize your map. Add a title, legend, source and north arrow to your map. 7. Export your map to an image file and print a copy (preferably in colour). 8. From the plate tectonics map in your atlas (p. 8-9), add arrows manually to your map to show the direction each plate is moving. 9. On the map, manually indicate which plate boundaries are primarily convergent, divergent and transform by adding lines of different colours to these boundaries. Add this information to your legend as well. 10. Describe the relationship between the distribution of earthquakes and volcanoes on your map and the types of plate boundaries near to which they are located. 11. Using your atlas, locate and show the following physical landscape features on your map: Marianas Trench Aleutian Trench Java Trench Tonga Trench Peru-Chile Trench Mid-Atlantic Ridge East Pacific Rise Indian Ocean Ridge East African Rift System Himalaya Mountains Andes Mountains Rocky Mountains Choose a symbol to represent each TYPE of feature and add it manually to your map at these locations. You do not need to identify the features individually, only by type of feature. Define the symbols you chose in your legend. 12. Describe the relationship between the distribution of trenches, ridges/rifts and mountains on your map and the types of plate boundaries near to which they are located. 13. Using your atlas, locate the following volcanic islands with a red square (add them manually to your map and legend, you do not need to identify them individually): Hawaii Kerguelen Island Saint Helena Cape Verde Islands Why are these volcanic islands located where they are in relation to plate boundaries? Page 2-4

5 Name: Earth Assignment Teacher: Intro to Geography 1-3. Attach your map. Make sure that it has: a proper title, legend, north arrow and source arrows added to show plate movement directions coloured lines added to show the different types of plate boundaries symbols representing trenches, ridges, mountains and volcanic islands 4. How many earthquakes greater than 7.5 on the Richter scale were there between 2001 and 2005? 5. How many volcanoes are there in this database? 10. Circle all of the correct answers for the following: Earthquakes tend to be located near what type of plate boundaries? a. Transform b. Convergent c. Divergent Volcanoes tend to be located near what type of plate boundaries? a. Transform b. Convergent c. Divergent 12. Ocean Ridges tend to be located near what type of plate boundaries? a. Transform b. Convergent c. Divergent Ocean Trenches/Rift Systems tend to be located near what type of plate boundaries? a. Transform b. Convergent c. Divergent Mountain ranges tend to be located near what type of plate boundaries? a. Transform b. Convergent c. Divergent Page 2-5

6 13. Why are these volcanic islands located where they are in relation to plate boundaries (Hawaii, Kerguelen Island, Saint Helena, Cape Verde Islands)? Page 2-6

7 Film: The Heat Within (The Miracle Planet) 1. What is the temperature of the earth at the bottom of the Western Deep Levels Mine (11,738 feet below the surface)? 2. How deep is the earth s hard rock surface layer (the Lithosphere)? 3. Why did the earth become a sea of molten rock when it was impacted by planetesimals in the primordial age? 4. How often do volcanoes erupt in Iceland? 5. How was Iceland formed? 6. How are pillow lava formed and where are they found? 7. What do smokers emit? 8. What do travertines emit? 9. Why is the Rift Valley sinking? 10. Describe the blanket effect 11. What was the name of the earth s supercontinent that existed 250,000 million years ago? 12. Which fragment of the African continent created the Himalayan mountains when it impacted the Asian continent? 13. What does fossil evidence found in the Himalayas and the Alps indicate? 14. What is the primary force driving the process known as continental drift? Page 2-7

8 Climate Classification Assignment Introduction One way geographers try to make sense of global climates is to classify climates into categories. In this assignment, you will use and interpret the modified Köppen Climate Classification. The objectives of this assignment are for you to: demonstrate an understanding of different global climates classify the climate of different places prepare and interpret climographs interpret and work with a scientific classification system Instructions: PART A - Interpreting Climate Maps Use the Climate Regions map on pp in your atlas to find the type of climate for ONE of the three sets of 10 cities (assigned by your instructor). Then determine the Köppen climate code letters that BEST describes the climate type for each city using the table on the next page. SET A 1. Georgetown, Guyana 2. Juliaca, Peru 3. Khartoum, Sudan 4. Limon, Costa Rica 5. Malatya, Turkey 6. Nuukv, Greenland 7. Paris, France 8. Qiqihar, China 9. Rabat-Salé, Morocco 10. Stockholm, Sweden SET B 1. Denver, Colorado 2. Guangzhou, China 3. Havana, Cuba 4. Libreville, Congo 5. Meekatharra, Australia 6. Ndola, Zambia 7. Nuukv, Greenland 8. Qiqihar, China 9. Stockholm, Sweden 10. Teheran, Iran SET C 1. Lhasa, China 2. Malatya, Turkey 3. Manaus, Brazil 4. Meekatharra, Australia 5. Nuukv, Greenland 6. Rabat-Salé, Morocco 7. Sittwe, Myanmar 8. Stockholm, Sweden 9. Qiqihar, China 10. Wellington, New Zealand PART B - Climographs and Climate Classification Climographs are diagrams that combine thirty-year average monthly values of temperature and precipitation. They provide a quick visual summary of the climate of an area. Months are placed on the x-axis of the graph, temperature ( C) is plotted on the left y-axis with a line connecting the monthly values, and precipitation (cm) is plotted as vertical bars on the right y axis. 1. Use two of the sets of climate data on the next page (they will be assigned to you by your instructor) to create two climographs (one above the other) on one sheet of graph paper. Use a red line for temperature and blue bars for precipitation (no gap between bars). Precipitation must start at 0 cm and the maximum must be 40 cm on both graphs. For temperature, start at -40 C and go to 40 C. Diagrams should be neat, correctly labelled, with a proper title, legend and source. 2. Try to determine for each of these two stations: a. Whether they are in the Northern or Southern Hemisphere. Explain your reasoning. b. The Köppen Climate classification for your location (see next page). Back up your choice of EACH letter with an explanation based on the data. c. A more precise location (from the choices provided). Explain your reasoning. d. Page 2-8

9 Köppen Climate Classification The Climate Regions map in on pages of the Canadian Oxford World Atlas is a simplified version of the Köppen climate classification system, which systematically identifies up to three letters to describe the climate (temperature and precipitation) of a region. The first letter is always CAPITALIZED (sometimes the first two). Climates are divided into six broad groupings: A Tropical Climates Coolest month is above 18ºC Af Tropical Equatorial Constantly moist precipitation all year Am Tropical Monsoon Monsoon rain (short dry season in winter) Aw Tropical Savannah (wet/dry seasons) Dry season in winter As Tropical Savannah (wet/dry seasons) Dry season in summer B Dry Climates See limits on graphs below BS Semiarid -- Steppe Cool and dry BW Arid Desert Hot and dry C Temperate Climates Coldest month >0ºC, <18ºC, warmest >10ºC Cw Temperate Savannah Dry season in winter Cs Temperate Mediterranean Mild winter, dry season in summer Cfa Temperate Humid Precipitation all year, warm summer Cfb,Cfc Temperate Marine Precipitation all year, cool summer (see below) D Continental Climates Coldest month <0ºC, warmest month >10ºC Da Continental (large temperature range) Warm summer (over 22 C) Db Continental (large temperature range) Cool summer Dw Continental (large temperature range) Dry season in winter Dc,Dd Continental Subarctic Low temperatures all year (see below) E Polar Climates Warmest month less than 10ºC ET Polar Tundra Climate Warmest month less than 10 C,t warmer than 0 ºC EF Polar Ice Cap Perpetual frost, all months less than 0 ºC H Mountain Variable temperature/precipitation by altitude Lower-case letters each have a specific meaning about either temperature or precipitation: a Warmest Month >22 C b Warmest Month <22 C c Less than 4 months >10 C d Less than 4 months >10 C and coldest month <-38 C f Constantly moist (precipitation all year) h Hot and dry, all months above 0 C Dry Climates use the graph that meets the conditions below: k m n n 1 s w Cold and dry, at least 1 month <0ºC Monsoon rain (short dry season, heavy rainy season) Frequent fog Infrequent fog but high humidity and low rainfall Dry season in summer (<30% of annual precipitation) Dry season in winter (<30% of annual precipitation) Precipitation evenly distributed (Neither the six coldest nor the six warmest months of the year has over 70% of annual precipitation) Dry Season in Winter (<30% of annual precipitation is in six coldest months of the year) Dry Season in Summer (<30% of annual precipitation is in six warmest months of the year) Page 2-9

10 Defining Köppen Climates Note: on the course website (under Links) there is a web-based tool that takes you through this one step at a time. As Page 2-10

11 Montreal s Climate Following the steps on the previous page: Is the Station E (Polar climate)? No, there are months above 10ºC Is the Station B (Dry climate)? Neither 6 warmest (53%) nor 6 coldest (47%) months have >70% of total, therefore precipitation is evenly distributed On graph, mean temp = 6.1, precip. = 94, therefore not a B climate Is the Station A (Tropical climate)? No, there are months with an average temperature below 18ºC Is the Station C (Mild climate)? No, there are months with an average temperature below 0ºC Therefore Montreal is a D (Continental) climate The warmest month is less than 22ºC, therefore the 2nd letter is not a The warmest month is less than 22ºC, but there are over 4 months >10ºC Therefore the second letter is b and not c or d Precipitation evenly distributed (>30% in six warmest and six coolest months) Therefore the third letter is f Montreal s Köppen climate classification is therefore Source: data averaged from Environment Canada Dbf Month (ºC) Temp. (cm) Precip. Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Mean/ Total Page 2-11

12 Part B Climate Data Data are based on long-term climate averages (30 years). Station I II III Month Temp ( C) Precip (cm) Temp ( C) Precip (cm) Temp ( C) Precip (cm) JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC Year Station IV V VI Month Temp ( C) Precip (cm) Temp ( C) Precip (cm) Temp ( C) Precip (cm) JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC Year Page 2-12

13 Name: Climate Classification Assignment Teacher: Intro to Geography Part A Complete the following with the Köppen code and an explanation of what each letter means. No. Place Code Explanation 1 Georgetown Guyana 2 Juliaca Peru 3 Khartoum Sudan 4 Limon Costa Rica 5 Malatya Turkey 6 Nuukv Greenland 7 Paris France 8 Qiqihar China 9 Rabat-Salé Morocco 10 Stockholm Sweden Page 2-13

14 Part B -- Climograph Preparation and Interpretation 1. Complete on ONE sheet of graph paper the TWO properly formatted climographs assigned to you by the instructor. 2. Station (Circle the FIRST climograph completed) I II III This location is in the NORTHERN / SOUTHERN hemisphere (CIRCLE ONE) Explanation: Köppen Climate Code (all applicable letters) Explanation: Possible Location: (Choose one and circle) Churchill, Manitoba Tiksi, Former USSR Lima, Peru Darwin, Australia Vancouver, Canada Capetown, South Africa Explanation: 3. Station (Circle the SECOND climograph completed) IV V VI This location is in the NORTHERN / SOUTHERN hemisphere (CIRCLE ONE) Explanation: Köppen Climate Code (all applicable letters) Explanation: Possible Location: (Chose one and circle) Chicago, USA Marrakech, Morocco Cairo, Egypt Salvador, Brazil Quebec, Canada Cochin, India Explanation: Page 2-14

15 Name: Climate Classification Assignment Teacher: Intro to Geography Part A Complete the following with the Köppen climate code and an explanation of each letter: No. Place Code Explanation 1 Denver USA 2 Guangzhou China 3 Havana Cuba 4 Libreville Congo 5 Meekatharra Australia 6 Ndola Zambia 7 Nuukv Greenland 8 Qiqihar China 9 Stockholm Sweden 10 Teheran Iran Page 2-15

16 Part B -- Climograph Preparation and Interpretation 1. Complete on ONE sheet of graph paper the TWO properly formatted climographs assigned to you by the instructor. 2. Station (Circle the FIRST climograph completed) I II III This location is in the NORTHERN / SOUTHERN hemisphere (CIRCLE ONE) Explanation: Köppen Climate Code (all applicable letters) Explanation: Possible Location: (Choose one and circle) Churchill, Manitoba Tiksi, Former USSR Lima, Peru Darwin, Australia Vancouver, Canada Capetown, South Africa Explanation: 3. Station (Circle the SECOND climograph completed) IV V VI This location is in the NORTHERN / SOUTHERN hemisphere (CIRCLE ONE) Explanation: Köppen Climate Code (all applicable letters) Explanation: Possible Location: (Chose one and circle) Chicago, USA Marrakech, Morocco Cairo, Egypt Salvador, Brazil Quebec, Canada Cochin, India Explanation: Page 2-16

17 Name: Climate Classification Assignment Teacher: Intro to Geography Part A Complete the following with the Köppen climate code and an explanation of each letter: N Place Code Explanation 1 Lhasa China 2 Malatya Turkey 3 Manaus Brazil 4 Meekatharra Australia 5 Nuukv Greenland 6 Rabat-Salé Morocco 7 Sittwe Myanmar 8 Stockholm Sweden 9 Qiqihar China 10 Wellington New Zealand Page 2-17

18 Part B -- Climograph Preparation and Interpretation 1. Complete on ONE sheet of graph paper the TWO properly formatted climographs assigned to you by the instructor. 2. Station (Circle the FIRST climograph completed) I II III This location is in the NORTHERN / SOUTHERN hemisphere (CIRCLE ONE) Explanation: Köppen Climate Code (all applicable letters) Explanation: Possible Location: (Choose one and circle) Churchill, Manitoba Tiksi, Former USSR Lima, Peru Darwin, Australia Vancouver, Canada Capetown, South Africa Explanation: 3. Station (Circle the SECOND climograph completed) IV V VI This location is in the NORTHERN / SOUTHERN hemisphere (CIRCLE ONE) Explanation: Köppen Climate Code (all applicable letters) Explanation: Possible Location: (Chose one and circle) Chicago, USA Marrakech, Morocco Cairo, Egypt Salvador, Brazil Quebec, Canada Cochin, India Explanation: Page 2-18

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21 Answer the following questions as you watch the film: Film: Global Warming: The Signs & the Science 1. For how long has the earth s temperature been rising at an increased rate? 2. According to science, what is driving this increase? 3. What are some of the signs that global warming is happening? 4. What are some of the negative consequences? 5. What evidence of global warming can be found in the Canadian north? 6. How is global warming affecting Africa and the Alps? 7. How long ago did humans start using ancient sunlight? 8. Which activities are primarily responsible for the depletion of carbon deposits? 9. The atmospheric concentration of CO2 during the Industrial Revolution was: ppm. Today, the concentration is pppm. 10. In the near future, will replace the U.S. as the world s largest economy. 11. Why does it object to restrictions on its GHG emissions? 12. Levels of GHG emission as LDC countries increase incomes. 13. How is global warming affecting the spread of infectious diseases? 14. How do warmer temperatures contribute to an increase in violent storms? Page 2-21

22 15. Where is El Nino found? 16. What happens when El Nino reverses direction? 17. What is the main cause of rising sea levels? 18. How did Hurricane Katrina affect gas prices? Why? 19. How will global warming impact semi-arid regions? 20. One degree of warming leads to a % decrease in the world s rice yields, which provides % of the Earth s food supply. 21. Nitrogen is released when fossil fuels burn. How does this contribute to global warming? 22. List the two possible options for addressing global warming. a) b) 23. List the eight mitigating measures presented in the film. a) b) c) d) e) f) g) h) Page 2-22

23 Film: Bottled Water Who Needs It? 1. How much more does bottled water cost than tap water (in Britain)? 2. Did the professional sommeliers detect a difference between bottled and tap? 3. Why do people like bottled water? 4. Compare the carbon footprint of bottled and tap water. 5. Which was the first company to successfully market bottled water? 6. How did they succeed in marketing it (what idea did they sell)? 7. How much is spent on advertising bottled water per year? 8. How much does the British government spend on bottled water & coolers? 9. What proportion of water bottles end up in landfill? 10. How much plastic is now produced worldwide? How much has that increased over the last 7 years? 11. How long do plastic bottles last in landfill? Page 2-23

24 12. What is the problem with plastic granular pellets washing up on ocean shores? 13. How much of Fiji Island s export revenue comes from Fiji water Co.? 14. For whom was the Fiji water supposed to be, when it was originally discovered? 15. What proportion of Fiji residents don t have safe tap water? 16. What are the health consequences of this? 17. Why is the village water source unsafe? 18. Who gets the bulk of the money from Fiji Co. bottled water sales? 19. How is Fiji Co. trying to reduce their environmental impact? 20. Which bottled water company is now using compostable bottles? 21. What did scientists in the British DOE (department of environment) determine about the quality of their tap water compared to bottled? Page 2-24