SECTION II. The Physical World: The Earth, Climate and Water. Page 2-1

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1 SECTION II The Physical World: The Earth, Climate and Water Page 2-1

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3 Introduction The Earth Assignment The shape of the earth is in large part a product of billions of years of plate tectonic movement. The objectives of this assignment are to have you: identify the world s major tectonic plates, boundaries and some landscape features relate these locations to earthquake and volcano sites use a map to effectively communicate this information using symbols to a reader find and use information on the Internet about earth processes There are many places to locate, so the key is to develop a clear and effective set of symbols to represent them (e.g. similar symbols to represent different types of volcanos and earthquakes, etc.). Instructions 1. Using the plate tectonics maps in your atlas (p ) or textbook, locate the following plates on the map provided. Eurasian Philippine Indian-Australian Pacific Juan de Fuca North American South American Caribbean Cocos Nazca African Arabian Scotia 2. On the map, mark plate boundaries that are convergent, divergent, subduction and transform 3. Locate on the map the following landscape features. Marianas Trench Aleutian Trench Mid-Atlantic Ridge East Pacific Ridge Himalaya Mountains Andes Mountains 4. From your atlas (p.123), find and map the three most destructive earthquakes and volcanos (by deaths) 5. On the Internet, go to the US Geological Service s website (neic.usgs.gov) and find the location and magnitude and map the following: a. The two largest earthquakes (in magnitude) on the day this assignment is given to you b. The two largest earthquakes (in magnitude) in 2004 c. The earthquake that caused the most deaths in Go to the USGS s Volcanoes website (volcanoes.usgs.gov) and map the location of: a. The two most recent reports of new activity on the site (excluding those below) b. The following recently active volcanos: i. Soufriere (Montserrat) ii. Kilauea (Hawaii) iii. Popocatépetl (Mexico) Find and map the following historical volcano sites: c. Vesuvius, Italy (79 AD) d. Mt. St. Helens, USA (1980) e. Mt. Pinatubo, Philippines (1992) Use your atlas to find and map the location of the following hot spots of volcanic activity: f. Iceland g. Hawaii h. Galapagos Islands 7. Write a paragraph explaining the relationship you observe from your map between earthquakes, volcanoes and the earth s tectonic plates. Page 2-3

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5 Name: Earth Assignment Teacher: Intro to Geography 1,2.& 3. Attach your map showing: (40 marks) tectonic plates types of plate boundaries landscape features (mountains, ridges, trenches) earthquakes and volcanoes Remember to follow all the map rules for formatting as described in the front of this Workbook. 4. Complete the following table: (10 marks) Location Lat N/S Long E/W Region / Ocean Year M tude Deaths Earthquakes Most destructive nd 2 most destructive rd 3 most destructive 5. Earthquakes Complete the following table: (14 marks) Location Lat N/S Long E/W Region / Ocean Date M tude Deaths Largest today nd 2 largest today Largest 2004 nd 2 largest 2004 Most deaths Volcanoes Complete the following table: (16 marks) Volcano Location Region / Ocean Lat N/S, Long E/W Most recent nd 2 most recent Soufriere Kilauea Popocatépetl Mt. St. Helens Vesuvius Mt. Pinatubo Montserrat Hawaii, USA Mexico Washington, USA Italy Philippines 7. Attach your 250-word paragraph. Refer to examples on your map to illustrate your points. (20 marks) Page 2-5

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9 Introduction Climate Classification Assignment One of the ways geographers try to make sense of global climates is to classify similar ones into categories. In this assignment, you will use and interpret the modified Köppen Climate Classification system. The objectives of this assignment are for you to: demonstrate an understanding of different global climates classify the climate of different places prepare and interpret climographs Instructions: PART A - Interpreting Climate Maps Use the world climate map in your text or on pages of your atlas (and the table on the next page of this book) to determine the Köppen Climate Classification code for each of the 10 following cities. Then explain what EACH of the letters tells us about the city's climate. 1. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia 2. Adelaide, Australia 3. Ankara, Turkey 4. Colombo, Sri Lanka 5. Copenhagen, Denmark PART B - Climographs and Climate Classification 6. Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania 7. Karachi, Pakistan 8. Pyongyang, North Korea 9. Stockholm, Sweden 10. Thule, Greenland Climographs are diagrams that combine thirty year average monthly values of temperature and precipitation on the same graph. They are extremely useful in providing a quick visual summary of the climate of an area. Months are placed on the x-axis of the graph and the other two variables are plotted on the y-axes. Temperature values are plotted as a line and precipitation as vertical bars. The scale on the left y axis is given for temperature ( C) and for precipitation (cm) on the other. 1. Use two of the sets of climate data on the next page (they will be assigned to you by your instructor) to create two climographs (one above the other) on one sheet of graph paper. Use a red line to indicate temperature and blue bars (leave no gaps between the bars) for precipitation. The precipitation should start at 0 cm and the maximum should be 40 cm on both graphs. For temperature, start at -40 C and go to 40 C. Your diagrams should be neat, correctly labelled, and have a proper title, legend and source. 2. Try to determine for each of these two stations: a.. Whether they are in the Northern or Southern Hemisphere. Explain your reasoning. b. The Köppen Climate classification for your location (see next page). Back up your choice of EACH letter with an explanation based on the data. c. A more precise location (chosen from the choices provided on the answer sheet). Explain your reasoning. Page 2-9

10 Part B Climate Data Data are based on long-term climate averages (at least 30 years). Station A B C Month Temp ( C) Precip (cm) Temp ( C) Precip (cm) Temp ( C) Precip (cm) JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC Year Station D E F Month Temp ( C) Precip (cm) Temp ( C) Precip (cm) Temp ( C) Precip (cm) JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC Year Page 2-10

11 Köppen Climate Classification The World Climate map on pages of the Canadian Oxford Atlas is a simplified version of the Köppen climate classification system, based on the systematic identification of up to three letters that describe the general climate, temperature, and the precipitation of an area. The first letter is always capitalized (sometimes the first two). Climates are divided into six broad groupings corresponding with those in your atlas: A Tropical Climates Coolest month is above 18 C Af Am Aw Tropical Rainforest Tropical Monsoon Tropical Savannah B Dry Climates See limits on graphs below BS Steppe or semi-desert Cold and dry BW Desert Hot and dry C Mild Climates Coldest month >0 C & <18 C, warmest >10 C Cs Ca Cc,Cd Mediterranean Humid Subtropical Marine D Continental Climates Coldest month < 0 C, warmest month >10 C Da Db Dc,Dd Hot Summer Cool Summer Subarctic E Polar Climates Warmest month less than 10 C ET Tundra Warmest month less than 10 C but warmer than 0 C EF Ice Cap All months less than 0 C H Highland Climate Varies greatly due to changes in elevation The lower-case letters each have a specific meaning about either temperature or precipitation: a Warmest Month >22 C b Warmest Month <22 C c Less than 4 months >10 C d Less than 4 months >10 C and coldest month <-38 C f Constantly moist (rainfall each month) h Hot and dry, all months above 0 C Dry Climates k m n 1 n s w Cold and dry, at least 1 month <0 C Monsoon rain (short dry season) Frequent fog Infrequent fog, but high humidity and low rainfall Dry season in summer Dry season in winter Use this graph if: 70% of precipitation in neither 6 coldest nor warmest months (evenly distributed) Use this graph if: 70% of precipitation in 6 warmest months (dry season in winter) Use this graph if: 70% of precipitation in 6 coldest months (dry season in summer) Page 2-11

12 Defining Koppen Climates Page 2-12

13 Montreal s warmest month (July) averages 21 C and its coldest month (January) -10 C. Montreal s Climate It receives on average 87.2 cm of precipitation, relatively evenly distributed (May is lowest at 6.4cm, July is highest at 8.9 cm). Following the steps on the next page, Montreal s climate must be Dbf. Ja F M Ap M Jn Jl Au S O N D Year Temp ( C) Precip(cm) Source: data is averaged by Environment Canada (1992) Page 2-13

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15 Name: Climate Classification Assignment Teacher: Intro to Geography Part A Complete the following with the Köppen climate code and an explanation of what each letter means (temperature limits or precipitation patterns). No. Place Code Explanation 1. Addis Ababa Ethiopia (50 marks) 2. Adelaide Australia 3. Ankara Turkey 4. Colombo Sri Lanka 5. Copenhagen Denmark 6. Dar Es Salaam Tanzania 7. Karachi Pakistan 8. Pyongyang North Korea 9. Stockholm Sweden 10. Thule Greenland Page 2-15

16 Part B -- Climograph Preparation and Interpretation 1. Complete on ONE sheet of graph paper the TWO properly formatted climographs assigned to you by the instructor. (20) 2. Station (Circle the FIRST climograph completed) A B C This location is in the NORTHERN / SOUTHERN hemisphere (CIRCLE ONE) (5) Explanation: (5) Köppen Climate Code (all applicable letters) (15) Explanation: (5) Possible Location: (Choose one and circle) (5) Jakarta, Indonesia San Diego, USA Chicago, USA Casablanca, Morocco Pyongyang, Korea Colombo, Sri Lanka Explanation: (5) 3. Station (Circle the SECOND climograph completed) D E F This location is in the NORTHERN / SOUTHERN hemisphere (CIRCLE ONE) (5) Explanation: (5) Köppen Climate Code (all applicable letters) (15) Explanation: (5) Possible Location: (Chose one and circle) (5) Alice Springs, Australia Stanley, Falkland Islands (UK) Reykjavik, Iceland Lisbon, Portugal Riyadh, Saudi Arabia Reykjavik, Iceland Explanation: (5) Page 2-16

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19 Power of Water Video Answer the following questions while watching the video: 1. What proportion of water is fresh and why is it important? 2. What has the impact been of dams in the Columbia basin on salmon? 3. How many environmental hot spots have been identified in the Great Lakes basin? 4. What is Love Canal and how did toxic wastes affect the people living there? 5. What proportion of the Everglades have been lost? 6. What landuses are now competing with the Everglades for water in South Florida? 7. What is the connection between the natural gas industry and irrigation? 8. What is an aquifer? 9. How much water is used in agriculture and how has it affect water levels in the aquifer? 10. What is the only significant surface water in the Southwestern United States? 11. Compare Nevada's water usage in agriculture and Las Vegas. 12. How do the politics of water have an impact on Indian communities in the Southwest? Page 2-19

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