Tracking Magma Ascent in the Aleutian Arc
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1 Tracking Magma Ascent in the Aleutian Arc Stephanie Prejean USGS Alaska Volcano Observatory John Power, Cliff Thurber, Jeff Freymueller, Zhong Lu, Matt Haney, Steve McNutt
2 Outline I. Imaging magmatic systems II. Geophysical signs of magma ascent III. Katmai Experiment: A targeted NSF/AVO funded project Key Questions How deep can we go? Principal challenges? Opportunities with new datasets?
3 I. Imaging: Volcano specific tomography Pesicek et al., Resolution generally in upper 10 km - Challenges -geometry of earthquakes and stations -depth resolution in ANT Magma Chamber? Great Sitkin Pesicek et al., 2008 Masterlark et al., 2010 Akutan/Makushin Syracuse et al., in prep. Spurr Power et al., 1988 Brown et al., in prep Augustine Syracuse et al., 2011 Okmok Masterlark et a., 2010 Ohlendorf et al., in prep Redoubt Benz et al., 1996 DeShon et al., 2007 Katmai cluster Jolly et al., 2007 Murphy et al., in prep. Haney et al., in prep. Syracuse et al., 2011
4 I. Imaging: Volcano specific tomography Pesicek et al., Lays the ground work for high quality rapid locations and more targeted research. - Many networks are new (96-05). Magma Chamber? Great Sitkin Pesicek et al., 2008 Masterlark et al., 2010 Akutan/Makushin Syracuse et al., in prep. Spurr Power et al., 1988 Brown et al., in prep Augustine Syracuse et al., 2011 Okmok Masterlark et a., 2010 Ohlendorf et al., in prep Redoubt Benz et al., 1996 DeShon et al., 2007 Katmai cluster Jolly et al., 2007 Murphy et al., in prep. Haney et al., in prep. Syracuse et al., 2011
5 I. Imaging: Regional tomography Eberhart-Phillips et al., 2006: Active and Passive sources Good station coverage Vp/Vs anamolies at km Great Sitkin Pesicek et al., 2008 Akutan Syracuse et al., in prep. Spurr Power et al., 1988 Augustine Syracuse et al., 2011 Makushin Syracuse et al., in prep. Okmok Masterlark et a., 2010 Ohlendorf et al., in prep Redoubt DeShon et al., 2007 Katmai cluster Jolly et al., 2007 Murphy et al., in prep. Haney et al., in prep.
6 I. Imaging: Regional tomography Challenges: Station/earthquake geometry Regional studies not focused on volcanic conduits Great Sitkin Pesicek et al., 2008 Akutan Syracuse et al., in prep. Spurr Power et al., 1988 Augustine Syracuse et al., 2011 Makushin Syracuse et al., in prep. Okmok Masterlark et a., 2010 Ohlendorf et al., in prep Redoubt DeShon et al., 2007 Katmai cluster Jolly et al., 2007 Murphy et al., in prep. Haney et al., in prep.
7 II. Indicators of Magma Ascent: Dynamic processes resulting from pressure changes and mass flux. Interplay of: - changes in magma supply rate - degassing and crystallization on path - existing physical and thermal environment - regional tectonic stress and strain Challenge - Interpreting geophysical clues which could have multiple driving processes. - Need multi-disciplinary data sets. - Geophysical source studies critical to evaluating hazards.
8 II. Indicators of Magma Ascent: CGPS ( PBO and AVO), tilt ( PBO), Campaign GPS ( ) Augustine Cervelli et al., Potential to measure magma ascent in shallow crust - Depth resolution limited to upper 10 km Great Sitkin Kanaga Gareloi Okmok Spurr Freymueller, in prep. Augustine Redoubt Pauk et al., 2011 Grapenthen et al., in prep Katmai cluster Aniakchak Veniaminof Fournier and Freymueller, 2008 (Veni) Shishaldin/Westdahl Mann and Freymueller, 2003 Akutan Okmok Freymueller and Kaufman, 2010
9 II. Indicators of Magma Ascent: CGPS ( PBO and AVO), tilt ( PBO), Campaign GPS ( ) Augustine Cervelli et al., 2010 Challenges: - Station coverage - Multiple signals from volcanoes, tectonics, ice - Trade-off in depth/pressure change - Simple models fit data well, but what are we missing? Great Sitkin Kanaga Gareloi Okmok Spurr Freymueller, in prep. Augustine Redoubt Pauk et al., 2011 Grapenthen et a., in prep Katmai cluster Aniakchak Veniaminof Fournier and Freymueller, 2008 Shishaldin/Westdahl Mann and Freymueller, 2003 Akutan Okmok Freymueller and Kauffman, 2010
10 II. Indicators of Magma Ascent: InSar (16) Temporal and spatial resolution compliments GPS. Resolution limited to upper 10 km generally. Challenges: Land area, ice and snow, tephra, temporal coverage. Okmok Augustine Lu et al. 2003a Masterlark et al 2006 Aniakchak Kiska cm Lu et al. 2000a, 2003c, 2005a, 2010a+b Mann et al. 2002; Makushin Patrick et al., 2003 Masterlark et al., 2010 Ohlendorf et al., in prep Great Sitkin Kanaga Kiska Gareloi Tanaga Seguam Peulik Shishaldin Akutan Seguam Westdahl Okmok Amukta Korovin Makushin Augustine Katmai cluster Aniakchak Akutan Kwoun et al Shishaldin Lu et al. 2003a Moran et al Westdahl Lu et al. 2002b 0 12 cm Lu et al. 2003a Lu et al. 2002c Masterlark & Lu, 2004 Lu et al. 2000c, 2005b Lu et al. 2000b, 2003b, 2004
11 II. Indicators of Magma Ascent: Volcano seismology: Rich history of using earthquake and tremor characteristics to infer magma migration and state of volcanic systems. Resolution limited to upper 10 km, but occasionally deeper. Power et al., 2002 Chouet et al., 1994 Lahr et al., 1994 DeShon et al., 2011 Moran, 2003 Gardine et al., 2011 De Andelis and McNutt, 2007 McNutt et al., 1991 Ruppert et al., 2011 Caplan-Auerbach and Petersen, 2005 Prejean and Brodsky, 2011 Alaska Volcano Observatory seismic network
12 II. Indicators of Magma Ascent: Volcano seismology: Rich history of using earthquake and tremor characteristics to infer magma migration and state of volcanic systems. Challenges: - Interpreting earthquake triggers, source process, and relation to tectonics and magma ascent. - Active volcanoes, small earthquakes Ruppert et al., 2011 Prejean and Brodsky, 2011 De Andelis and McNutt, 2007 Power et al., 2002 Chouet et al., 1994 Lahr et al., 1994 DeShon et al., 2011 Moran, 2003 Gardine et al., 2011 McNutt et al., 1991 Caplan-Auerbach and Petersen, 2005 Alaska Volcano Observatory seismic network
13 II. Indicators of Magma Ascent: Broadband Seismic Source Observations and Modeling 2006 Augustine eruption first explosive eruption in the US captured by local broadbands. Spurr Redoubt Augustine Katmai cluster Buurmann and West, 2010 Haney et al., in press Akutan Okmok
14 II. Indicators of Magma Ascent: Time dependent path and source studies. Johnson et al., 2010, Shear Wave Splitting Roman et al., 2004 Fault Plane Solutions Spurr Katmai cluster Okmok Pavlof Jolly and McNutt, 1999, b-value mapping Haney et al., 2009, Coda Wave Interfermometry
15 II. Indicators of Magma Ascent: DLPs km depth, often occur in bursts (Power et al., 2004) Moment tensors suggest fluid flow (eg. Nakamichi et al., 2003) Great Sitkin Adagdak Spurr Redoubt Iliamna Augustine Katmai cluster Aniakchak Pavlof Shishaldin Okmok Westdahl Akutan Makushin Trident 2008
16 II. Indicators of Magma Ascent: DLPs DLPs have important implications for volcanic hazards Challenges: Difficult to locate, difficult to model source Great Sitkin Adagdak Spurr Redoubt Iliamna Augustine Katmai cluster Aniakchak Pavlof Shishaldin Okmok Westdahl Akutan Makushin Redoubt Volcano (Power et al., in review)
17 II. Indicators of Magma Ascent: DLPs Unalaska/Akutan target area for small aperture seismic arrays (following Ghosh et al., 2009, 2011) -most common source of deep non-volcanic tremor -near E edge of 1957 M8.6 rupture zone -at transition from oceanic to continental subduction. -cost effective, compliment to PBO, USGS, etc. DLPs Non-volcanic tremor (Brown et al., in prep) Prejean et al. GeoPrisms in Alaska White Paper
18 III. Katmai Experiment: AVO UW Katmai Volcanic Cluster Alaska Volcano Observatory seismic network
19 Events per Month III. Katmai Experiment: AVO UW Earthquakes Located near Trident/Novarupta Deep LP earthquake AVO/UW Temporary Network Operating Cumulative Counts Spasmodic Bursts Velocity KCE EHZ Time (minutes)
20 III. Katmai Experiment: AVO UW P-wave Tomography and Earthquake Relocations Y (km) Martin Depth = 4 km bsl Griggs Novarupta Mageik Katmai Trident Depth = 6 km bsl 25 Griggs 15 km Y (km) Martin Mageik Novarupta Trident Katmai Murphy et al., in prep X (km) % change in Vp from starting model
21 Novarupta Trident 3-5 km depth 22 September 2008, M Time (s)
22 III. Katmai Experiment: AVO UW Full moment tensor inversions (Julian, 1986, Foulger et al., 2004) Isotropic: 20 30% Volume change, k= Opening of tensile cracks with fluid intrusion during shear failure (Foulger et al., 2004; Dreger et al., 2000, Miller, 1996) Sources reflect fluid migration in high Pp geothermal system.
23 Model for 2008 Trident/Novarupta Swarm Moment tensors suggest fluid intrusion during earthquake rupture and very high Pp. Normal faulting zone bounding Vp anomaly (partial melt?) Deep LPs suggest that swarm likely triggered by renewed fluid movement at 25+ km depth Fluid driven swarm in a high pressure geothermal system % change in Vp from starting model
24 Summary To image roots of systems we need more active/passive, on-land/obs imaging studies. We have many tools to investigate magma ascent in the top 10 km, but deep LPs provide a unique opportunity to investigate dynamic fluid flow near the base of the crust. To address dynamic ascent and hazards active sources need to be studied in conjunction with regional imaging/modeling. Cook Inlet and the Unimak-Unalaska region are prime targets for research corridors.
25 Look forward to unexpected opportunities Redoubt Screams (Pre-eruptive Gliding Tremor) (Hotovec, Prejean, Vidale, Gomberg, in review)
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