4-D seismology at volcanoes: Probing the inside of volcanoes. Florent Brenguier
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1 4-D seismology at volcanoes: Probing the inside of volcanoes Florent Brenguier
2 INTRODUCTION
3 The origin of volcanic activity
4 Volcanoes are clustered in active tectonic regions
5 Large historical eruptions
6 The energy released by large eruptions (IRIS)
7 Magma from the mantle to eruptions Sketch from Manga and Brodsky, 2006
8 The simplest models of volcanic systems predict a regular temporal distribution of volcanic eruptions (steady deep processes of magma transport) Lengliné et al., JGR, 2008
9 The simplest models of volcanic systems predict a regular temporal distribution of volcanic eruptions (constant source of pressure) Erupted lava volumes of Piton de la Fournaise volcano OVPF Lengliné et al., JGR, 2008
10 Volcanic systems are complex Their structure control eruption type Shapiro, Koulakov, Science, 2015 Heterogeneous structures with different mechanical properties Need for a 3D imaging
11 Volcanoes are extremely complex systems with transient processes interacting together Pressure buildup in reservoirs Need for a 3D+time (4D) imaging Magma transport at depth
12 Volcanoes are extremely complex systems with transient processes interacting together Interaction with earthquakes, rock rupture: change in the mechanical properties Need for a 3D+time (4D) imaging
13 Volcanoes are extremely complex systems with transient processes interacting together Need for a 3D+time (4D) imaging On volcanoes, fluids pressure favors ruptures leading to magma transport Lénat et al., Bull. Volcanol., 2011
14 Volcanoes are extremely complex systems with transient processes interacting together Need for a 3D+time (4D) imaging On volcanoes, volcano flank instabilities may trigger blasts (Mt St Helens)
15 METHOD 3D Tomography
16 P-waves 2
17 S-waves
18 There is a need to scan the interiors of volcanoes in order to elucidate these ongoing processes Seismic tomography
19 La fonction de Green : réponse du milieu à une force ponctuelle Solution u( x, t) G( x, t; xo, to) f ( xo, to) Fonction de Green 1 R, t) 4 ( 2 1 R f t R Forces appliquées Champ proche Onde P Onde S Aki and Richard
20 Seismic waves - source Aochi et al. 2003
21 Method - tomography Computed Tomography scanner Seismic tomography
22 Earthquakes as seismic sources Highly underdetermined system (fewer equations than unknown) Unknown position of the sources Sources are clustered in space
23 Uncertainty from limitations of the ray theory
24 Uncertainty from limitations of the ray theory
25 Uncertainty from limitations of the ray theory Scattering plays a key role in wavefront healing
26 Uncertainty on observation
27 Inversion for a velocity model d=gm Observed travel times (t)? Distances (m) Tarantola, 2002
28 Source-less seismology: a revolution
29 Spectrum of seismic noise Seismic noise on Earth 1 Hz 0.1Hz 0.01 Hz frequency Hillers et al., GGG, 2012
30 Increased number of ray paths
31 Tomography results on volcanoes the edifice Brenguier et al., GRL 2007 Brenguier et al., GRL, 2006
32 Where is this picture taken?
33 Tomography results on volcanoes the crust Yellowstone Huang et al. Science 2015
34 METHOD 4D Tomography (3D + time)
35 There is a need to scan the interiors of volcanoes in order to elucidate these ongoing processes Seismic tomography Seismic velocities are sensitive to: Stress changes (stress-meter) temperature changes Fluid content Crack density
36 Problem: Earthquakes as seismic sources are not repetitive enough -> Seismic noise again
37 Problem: Earthquakes as seismic sources are not repetitive enough -> Seismic noise again
38 3-D tomography - Japan Nishida et al. 2008
39
40 4D allows imaging dynamic processes Brenguier et al., Science, 2014
41 Case study: Piton de la Fournaise Volcano
42 Piton de la Fournaise: a volcano laboratory
43 Lava flows since km
44 Eruptions hors-enclos
45 Piton de la Fournaise Volcanic activity Erupted lava volumes
46 Collapse of the central crater in 2007 Panache de cendre le 12 avril 2007 photo prise par un touriste éruption du 2 avril 2007
47 Panache de cendre le 12 avril 2007 photo prise par un touriste éruption du 2 avril 2007
48 Panache de cendre le 12 avril 2007 photo prise par un touriste éruption du 2 avril 2007
49 Panache de cendre le 12 avril 2007 photo prise par un touriste éruption du 2 avril 2007
50 Panache de cendre le 12 avril 2007 photo prise par un touriste éruption du 2 avril 2007
51 Panache de cendre le 12 avril 2007 photo prise par un touriste éruption du 2 avril 2007
52 Panache de cendre le 12 avril 2007 photo prise par un touriste éruption du 2 avril 2007
53 Panache de cendre le 12 avril 2007 photo prise par un touriste éruption du 2 avril 2007
54 Panache de cendre le 12 avril 2007 photo prise par un touriste éruption du 2 avril 2007
55 Crater collapse on April oct avril 2007
56 Inside Piton de la Fournaise Volcano Peltier, 2007
57 V. Ferrazzini, pers. Comm. Piton de la Fournaise Seismic activity
58 A variety of seismic signals on volcanoes! Volcano-tectonic earthquakes Volcanic Tremor
59 Data acquisition, The life of a volcano observatory
60 L Observatoire du Piton de la Fournaise
61 Montrer film undervolc avec détails acquisition données, 1:20
62
63 What 4D seismic imaging tells us
64 Long-term velocity changes Long-term velocity decrease Long-term velocity increase Rivet et al., JGR, 2014
65 A model for long-term pressure buildup Lengliné et al., JGR, 2008 Simple elastic models predict a slowing down of pressure buildup with time.
66 Relaxation following the large 2007 eruption Large 2007 eruption: Magma withdrawal Increase of seismic velocity associated with edifice deflation
67 Velocity change (%) Short-term pre-eruptive velocity changes Brenguier et al., Nature Geosc., 2008 Very small (0.01 %) pre-eruptive seismic velocity changes were initially interpreted as the effect of a pressure source Sens-Schönfelder et al., JVGR, 2014
68 A damage model for short-term eruption preparation Damage is: Seismicity (direct and dynamic) Decrease of stiffness Increased deformation Increased permeability Decompression of volcanic fluids leading to eruptions Seismicity Sketch from Prejean and Haney, 2014 Carrier et al. 2015
69 Corrected vel. changes (%) Velocity changes (%) Environmental effects Strong rainfall generates pore pressure increases as much as 1 kpa at 1 km depth Rivet et al. 2015
70 The April 2007 eruption Small flank eruption on March 30 th, large distal eruption on April 2 nd and crater collapse on April 5 th. Figure from OVPF, T. Staudacher Figure from J.-L. Froger, OPGC
71 Triggered flank movement The flank movement started on March 30 and likely controlled the extrusion of a large volume a lava OPGC 18 Novembre 2014 Clarke et al., GJI, 2013
72 Volcano seismic probing in 2020
73 Standard seismic station New nodal technology kg kg 600 m 600 m
74 Computed Tomography scanner Seismic tomography with arrays Measure waves directivity
75 Probing the magma reservoir Peltier et al., JVGR, 2007
76 Probing the magma reservoir 300 seismometers! June-July 2014
77 Probing the magma reservoir Nakata et al., GRL, 2016
78 Montrer film VolcArray 12 minutes
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