unconventional gas Important energy in the future

Transcription

1 unconventional gas Important energy in the future lecturer:zhanghong June 2014

2 contents A simple introduction to me unconventional gas and their distribution and developing in the world Evaluation and tracking technology Drilling and stimulation technology

3 Name: Zhang Hong Highest Diploma: Ph.D. Major: Oil & Gas Exploration and Development ~present: Working as a scholar at ESPE and SHE ~ : Worked as a Petroleum Engineering at the China University of Petroleum ~ : Basin and the Reservoir Research Center at the China University of Petroleum in Beijing Postdoctoral research degree ~2002: Ph.D - China University of Geosciences,Beijing. Cell phone: ;

4 contents A simple introduction to me unconventional gas concept, their distribution and developing in the world Evaluation and tracking technology Drilling and stimulated technology

5 Tight gas Shale gas the three kind of important unconventional gas 现实接替能源

6 (1)the common characteristics of the unconventional gas 1.Concept country some special types of gas, their occurrence state, accumulation and development method is very different from the conventional gas For development the CBM and shale gas, the United States America is convert from a Oil-consuming country to self providing Tight gas CBM Shale gas

7 1. The reservoir is tight: Shale gas is less than md* CBM is about md* tight less than 0.1 md* very low permeability 2. Unique (special) occurrence state: CBM: Adsorption state; shale gas: adsorption state and free state Tight gas: The inversion of the water and gas; water is in the upper place 3. Individual development methods All need hydraulic fracturing, horizontal well stimulation method 4. Unique accumulation pattern Continuous, Reserves are very big, but the production is low, in the lower position of the basin and depression, first migration, lack of second migration * md = millidarcy

8 CBM is an unconventional gas found carried within the coal. The main ingredient is methane. Source of an organism thermal evolution hydrocarbon products within coal.

9 Coalbed methane distribution in the world CANADA GERMANY POLAND RUSSIA UNITED STATES AMERICA CHINA ENGLAND INDONESIA VENEZUELA COLUMBIA SOUTH AFRICA INDIA AUSTRALIA

10 Coal bed methane

11 Shale gas (concept) The gas exist in the dark and rich carbonate mud shale stone, adsorption and free state, also including of the gas of interbedded sand, siltstone in the shale stone, it is the gas resulted from source rock producing and remain in the original place

12 Shale gas (concept) 12

13 627 Tcf 627 Tcf 3,840 Tcf North North America America 509 Tcf Western Europe Central and Eastern Europe Middle East and North Africa Former Soviet Union Asia and China 3,626 Tcf 2,116 Tcf Latin America 274 Tcf Sub-Saharan Africa 2,547 Tcf Asia / Pacific 2,625 Tcf

14 Shale gas (conception) shale Gas distribution in the USA

15 Shale gas of America Increasing in a rapid ratio: 2006:500 handred million m :800 handred million m :2300 handred million m 3 But recently for low gas price its development a little decreasing. 15

16 Shale gas of America The biggest gas field in the world one of the five shale gas system in the Ilinosbasin Ohio shale gas in the appalachian basin Also producing shale oil 16

17 Reserves are the same as the USA (High) Two kind: marine (South of Sichuan Province) and terrestrial (north and northwest), bury very deep and difficult to develop. 2015: a plan of 65 million m 3 /year production Now Sinopec produced 2.8 million m 3 shale gas per day in the Pengshui block of the Sichuan Province.

18 Shale gas in the china Jurassic system in liaoning province siluric system in guizhou province Cambrian system in hubei province Sinian system in chongqing city

19 Tight gas Gas and water upside down In the deep basin and not controlled by structure Big area and continous gas bearing Tight gas(concept): In common conditions, the gas accumulation in the sand reservoir whose permeability is lower than 0.1md, that is, conventional gas in the low permeability. it is also called deep basin gas, basin-center gas, widely distributed in the sichuan basin,ordos basin of china, Alberta basin in the Canada, green river, powder river basin in the American.

20 Fractured tight sandstone oil and gas reservoir: A new play type in the Dongpu depression, Bohai Bay Basin China.

21 Tight gas Natural gas coal genetic gas Source rock-petroliferous gas stay in strata-shale gas ;Pull out of the strata and accumulation in the reservoir of the trap-conventional gas Coal bed-coaliferous gas stay in strata-cbm ;Pull out of the strata coal genetic gas,entering tnto the coal mine Tunnel:CMM -coal mine methane Shale gas Source rock Coal seam Relationship of different gas

22 contents A simple introduction to myself unconventional gas concept, their distribution and developing in the world Evaluation and tracking technology(shale gas,cbm) Drilling and stimulated technology

23 data Petroleum Geological features Economic and other evaluation Basin and big area choice Seismic data Make sure the shale gas(source rock) Shale gas rock distribution Logging and Lithologic data Analog and volume method All the parameters analysis Petroleum geological condition analysis (1)Resource evaluation (2)Core area and favorable area choice (3)Development method optimizing selection Drilling well and take stimulation action

24 1.Basin and big area choice A.Abundance of data: for instance, orente basin has lots of exploration and development data, it is suit for as a studied area Basis(foundation) B.Petroleum geological general analysis In the area, if there are shale or mud rock(maybe sourec rock),how many layers,their thickness and deepness,vitrinite reflectance and TOC(total organic carbon ) C. Economic and other conditions If the shale gas development is important and necessary to the area, is the traffic and other conditions very good? and so on

25 According to lots of data and document, the source evaluation criteria is as follows: Evaluation index Mudstone and shale stone source rock evaluation criteria Quantitative criteria TOC More than 0.6% R 0 More than 0.5% H/C More than 0.5 Chloroform asphalt "A More than 0.03% Total hydrocarbon content(µg/g) Rock eval pyrolysis More than100 S1+ S2(mg/g) More than 0.5 HI More than 0.6 T max More than 435

26 By using well logging data to make sure the top and bottom of the shale stone and calculate the shale rock thickness The lower shale stone in the Napo formation is a promising shale rock in the Oriente Basin. Amazonas-1 (Block 86) Very High gamma ray; middle resistance value for including oil or gas (should be low for mud stone); high DT (transit time); sp value in the base line.

27 3.How to find one shale stone distribution Tzapino-1(22) Ramirez-1(83)

28 By using the seismic interpretation achievement, we can get the distribution of the shale rock without well logs. When the shale stone lithology is uniform, lack of Wave impedance interface, it is Weak amplitude reflection China s Longmaxi Formation - Shale stone seismic response

29 4.exploration and development the shale gas in the studied area THREE STEPS: First step: Resource evaluation and computation Through analog and volume method, the resource of the studied area is computed. Obtain samples (seal ed or hold pressure or wire line coring) and give them to the lab in order to get the gas content. To complete this task, we must firstly test the average gas content of the studied area, choose several places of the studied area, maybe they are outcrops, drilling wells.

30 (2) exploration and development the shale gas in the studied area (1)First step -Resource evaluation and compute Analogy method: Analog method According to the richness of resource of the known scale region and coefficient of similarity, to compute the resource amount Formula is: n Q ( A Z a ) / ip i i i 1 Q ip resource amount of evaluation area,(10 8 m 3 ); A evaluation region area, (km 2 ); Zi richness of resource of the NO.I known scale region (10 8 m 3 /km 2 ); ai the coefficient of similarity of the evaluation area divide by the NO.I known scale region ; n the quantity of known scale region n

31 (2) exploration and development the shale gas in the studied area (1)First step -Resource evaluation and compute volume method: According to the gas content and area of the shale gas, to give the resource quantity, formula is: Volume method Q n A i h i i C ti i 1 Q resource amount of evaluation area(10 8 m 3 ); A i the NO.I evaluation unit area(km 2 ); h i the NO.I evaluation unit shale thickness(km); Ρ i the NO.I evaluation unit rock dencity(t/m 3 ); C ti the NO.I evaluation unit gas content,(m 3 /t 岩石 );

32 Direct Method is a commonly used technique for determining gas content in coal (CBM), which is also used for calculating shale gas content. Gas content, the volume of the unit mass; very important reference, unit: m 3 /t Total gas content of a coal or shale consists of three components: 1. Lost gas is computed; 2. Desorption gas is tested in lab by analyzing coal samples; 3. Residual gas volume is also tested in lab by analyzing coal samples.

33 Desorption is a phenomenon where a substance is released from or through a surface (opposite to sorption). When we take the coal samples (shale stone) into one container, after some time (finished desorption), we can get the total quantities of desorption. When preparing the desorption gas test, compose it for the first 5, 15, 30, 60 minutes at beginning until it adds up to 8 hours, down to the right quantity of desorption is tested. Then prolong the testing time. The least desorption amount must be less than 10cm 3 /d for one week.

34 2016/7/27 中国石油大学 ( 北京 ) 煤层气研究中心 lost gas calculation according to theory that at the beginning of the desorption, the desorption quantity is proportion to the the square root of the desorption time (T+t) *** 井 *** 样品损失量计算图 损失量 / cm y = x R 2 = 损失量 =128.05cm ( T + t ) /min 1/2

35 2016/7/27 中国石油大学 ( 北京 ) 煤层气研究中心 By testing the remaining gas content then we can obtain the total volume of gas = lost gas + desorption gas + residual gas Gas content of CBM (shale gas) = total volume/ the sample quality

36 (2) exploration and development the shale gas in the studied area (2)second step core and favorable area optimizing selection Core area of shale gas: Shale gas enrichment area, there are several production wells to produce the industrial gas flow, the accumulating geological conditions are very good. Favorable area of shale gas: shale gas prospective area. There are few exploration areas to find the shale gas, the accumulation geological conditions are fairly favorable.

37 (2) exploration and development the shale gas in the studied area (2)second step core and favorable area optimizing selection Core area quantitative evaluation criterion: Shale gas parameters values Vitrinite reflectance More than 1.1% TOC(total organic carbon) More than 2.0% Brittle mineral content(si) More than 40% Clay mineral content Less than 30% permeability More than 5 nd porosity More than 2% Reservoir ihickness More than 30m? How to find a core area? Favorable area quantitative evaluation criterion agree with four of these

38 contents A simple introduction to myself unconventional gas concept, their distribution and developing in the world Evaluation and tracking technology Drilling and stimulated technology

39 Direction well Direction well Cluster well Horizontal well Direction well refers to the well drilling as a special orbit Multi-branch horizontal well 2016/7/27 39

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41 1.cluster well Several directional wells(maybe including of a vertical well) is drilling in different direction on a same platform. Usually in special topograph,such as farm, marsh,mountain 2016/7/27 41

42 2.horizontal welll Angle of inclination equal to or more than 86,and drilling some horizontal branch as this angle. One branch Adapt to the middle features CBM Coal seam Three branc h Four branch Two branch 2016/7/27 42

43 3.multi-branch horizontal well 1. concept:side drilling Several branch holes beside the main hole. called pinnate well for like a pinnate thing 2016/7/27 43

44 3.multi-branch horizontal well 1:well place determination technology 2:well structure optimization technology 2. he key technologies 3:prediction and control of the wellbore involved trajectory technology 4:underbalance drilling technology 5:completion technology a. Increasing the effective supply area 3.The main advantages of the multi-branch horizontal well b. Improvement the flowing capacity of the coal c. Reducing the harm to the coal seam d. The single well production is more than other well types e. reducing the ground area

45 4.adapability Suitable CBM reservoir Gentle structure High rank Low permeability Thick and high gas content Cleat is well produced Shale stone or tight shale stone :produced natural fracture

46 4.u shape well 1.conception Is also called horizontal connection technology. A vertical and a Horizontal Well is connected in the Same coal seam

47 2.Advantages and characteristics (1)is consist of vertical and horizontal well (2)a new kind of type well including lots of advanced technology, such as geological Direction technology and underbalance drilling technology (3)by using the gravity of the coal seam slope to pull out the water and produce the gas (4)different horizontal well pullout the water and gas by using the same vertical well

48 adaptability Middle and high rank coal Thick and high gas content Cleat is well produced incline coal seam

49 Concept Injection of water, gas and their mixture into the well column, then pull out for a distance, or wash out the coal seam with a spray. Soon after a cavity forms during the course of this, a large fracture rises around the cavity and gives a connection to the original fracture and forms a fracture net. As a result, the permeability of the coal seam is increased greatly.

50 Increasing production mechnism cavity zone plastic and tensile zone flexible zone forming cavity zone,the plastic and tensile zone, flexible region

51 Advantages Little harmful to the coal seam; Cheaper to carry on Simple in technology

52 Shallow depth, Coal Rank is Disadvantages Confined to some special zones such as fireway zone, the technology has only succeed in the San Juan Basin; High pressure and high permeability; Permeability: higher than 20 md; Pressure: more than 1.2 * 10-2MPa/m;

53 Incressing the production effect Its increasing production effect is very obvious. in the Sae Juan basin, one third of the drilling wells is open hole cavity completion. But their production is nearly 70% of the whole basin. 1988~2000 年圣胡安盆地和总美国煤层气产量对比图

54 现场作业 典型的井场布置示意图

55 6.hydraulic fracture technology-stimulation concept A stimulation technology, to inject into high vicious fluid with pump, and build the pressure, when exceed the ground stress and tensile strength, the coal seam is broken and form fractures. To inject the sand carrying fluid with proppant, the fracture is prolong and stable in the proppant. Then a fracture with size is formed. It can increase the permeability of the coal formation and the production of the oil and gas.

56 wellbore Stimulation mechanism (1)lower the flowing resistance; (2)changing the flow direction. Radial flow- linear flow. (3)reduce the reservoir harm near the wellbore; (4)connect the fracture effectly. (5)pull out the water more quickly fracture

57 The spot of the hydraulic fracture in the USA

58 The spot of the hydraulic fracture in the USA

59 Different fracturing ways Different fracturing methods and its adablity Fracturing method Horizontal well+multistage Water Fracturing Simultaneous fracturing refracturing Hydrojet fracturing Properties and adaptabilities Is widely used in America, use to long distance and muiti-goal layer. Low cost,can be used in well with a lot of natural fracture. Good result, the well is very near. Open the fracture again, used for old wells. Open-hole completion well.

60 The survey of the fracturing effect

61 The survey of the fracturing effect contents: 1 judgement the types of the fracture (horizontal, vertical,t shape fracture) 2 Tell the geometric shape of the fracture 3 Tell the extended range, length and height of the fracture

62 fracturing The survey of the fracturing effect method: observe ender the coal well large power charging potency method and fracture microseismic method test direction and length of the fracture Tracer method and Thermal Well Logging Well test-survey the fracture flow capacity Analysis of the production data

63 fracturing The survey of the fracturing effect method: The survey of the fracturing effect Height of the fracture Fracture direction and length Thermal Well Logging Tracer method Fracture Microseismic method Large power charging potency method

64 The survey of the fracturing effect Large power charging potency method M N A U M = I 2 r B N r Hydraulic fracturing well casing pipe as Ere A polar, far away from B is as B polar. It is charging and there is a AC field around the well. then set several survey grid to test the potency change around the well and test the range and length of the fracture

65 Large power charging potency method There are three survey grids, each grid has twenty four survey points. Altogether there are seventy two survey points.

66 When charging, As the fracture, a additional ac field in the fracture and potency curve is indent, then the fracture range and be got

67 U(m v / m ) Get the fracture length N E 2 0 At 裂缝末端 the end of the fracture Fracture length At the end of fracture, the potency is increasing U(m v / m ) At the end of the 裂缝末端 fracture S W 2 0

68 压裂井 Fracture microseismic survey Fracturing well is regard as seismic source, its broken seismic information is received by other four survey well and analyzed, and the 3D information of the fracture of the fracturing well is given. hydraulic fracturing will produce fracture, it is a small 平面图 earthquake. And it arise earthquake wave. Excitation well 声波 破裂点 Survey and analyze welll By comprehensive analysis of the seismic wave, do 3D tomographic

69 N Survey well Survey well Hydraulic fracturing and excitation well N Survey well Survey well Survey well Hydraulic fracturing wel land excitation well Survey well

70 radioisotope tracer /gamma logging technology Basic principle Injection of the radioisotope tracer Coal seam

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72 Thermal Well Logging 3 T( ) 1 2 H(m) When inection into the liguid during course of hydraulic fracturing, fluid will cause low tempature abnormal. according to this, the abnomal part of Thermal Well Logging is test. It is fracture height.

73 Thermal Well Logging

74 7.Injection nitrogen/carbon dioxide EOR technology

75 For desorption in the coal formation of the carbon dioxide is stronger than that of the methane. To inject the carbon dioxide into the coal reservoir, and replace the methane. The CBM production can be increased. Flue Gas CO 2 N 2 Coal Green Power Plant Separation Injection Coalbed CO 2 CH 4 CH 4 Enhanced Coalbed Methane (ECBM) Recovery Green House Gas (GHG) Sequestration N 2 CH 4 to Sales CH 4

76 Adsorbed Gas Content CO 2 adsorption more than CH4,that is, CO 2 has compete superiority. CH4 0 Pressure (MPa)

77 Injection carbon dioxide EOR technology America Allison unit of the san juan basin,co 2 -ECBMt est is done by the berlinton resource company,this test is the biggest and longest time in the world

78 Injection carbon dioxide EOR technology America

79 Injection carbon dioxide EOR technology America monocline The thickness of the coal formation(42 feet)- thick

80 Injection carbon dioxide EOR technology America Permeability is reducing at the first time and then increasing in the co 2 injection test, that is,permeability can be resume.

81 Injection carbon dioxide EOR technology America 4 injection wells and 16 production wells -- 6 years injection history production increasing 150%.

82 Injection nitrogen EOR technology America

83 Injection nitrogen EOR technology America

84 Nose structure 45 feet coal formation thickness

85 Change of the permeability

86 Recovery contour line With the injention of the nitrogen,gas field injection zone show higher recovery

87 1. The coiled tubing with packer is put into the bottom layer, and carry on fracturing. 2. Unseal the packer, put up the tubing, give the accurate position of the second layer. 3. Giving the fracturing of the second layer. 4. Redo steps 2 & 3 5. Extract the liquid and producing gas

88 application Matigu formation of albert basin in the Canada, its coal formations have more than ten layers, thin, low permeability,presser and gas content,no water. Through conventional single layer fracturing, the well almost do not produce gas. Using injection nitrogen coiled tubing fracturing technology, production of single well is m 3 /day, on the average 2800 m 3 /day, get a very good result.

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