PHYSICAL RECORDS OF VOLCANIC ACTIVITY
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1 PHYSICAL RECORDS OF VOLCANIC ACTIVITY North American tephra records Britta J.L. Jensen Quaternary Environments Research Group, Royal Alberta Museum, Edmonton, AB, Canada Katmai volcanic complex (Geoprisms, T. Lopez)
2 Acknowledgments Gill Plunkett (Queen s Belfast) Sean Pyne-O Donnell (Queen s Belfast) Lauren Davies (Alberta) Kristi Wallace (Alaska Volcanic Observatory) Nick Pearce (Aberystwyth) Darrel Kaufman (Northern Arizona) Christel van den Bogaard (Kiel) Steve Kuehn (Concord) Bob Booth (Lehigh) Summer Praetorius (Carnegie) Duane Froese (Alberta). and many more
3 Tephra Bombs and blocks (>64 mm) Lapilli (64-2 mm) Ash ( < 2 mm)
4 Tephrostratigraphy (-chronology) Old Crow tephra (~130 ka) SCt-Fairbanks (~160 ka) PAL (between ~ ka) A chronology based on measurement, connection, and dating of tephra layers, in particular, tephrochronology is concerned with the establishment of a chronosequence of geological units based on the unique characteristics of tephra layers - Sigurdur Thorarinsson 1974
5 Tephrostratigraphy (-chronology) Old Crow tephra (~130 ka) MIS 5e From Reyes et al. 2010
6 Lane et al., 2013 Volcanic ash reveals time-transgressive abrupt climate change during the Younger Dryas
7 Tephra Identification Image = AVO
8 Tephra Identification Stratigraphic context Age data Mineralogy Glass morphology, colour Bridge River tephra, 2.5 ka Old Crow tephra Mazama tephra, 7.6 ka
9 Geochemistry Single-grain glass analyses by electron-microprobe (WDS) for major-minor elements (fully quantitative, no EDS please) Jensen et al., 2013 Pearce, 2011
10 Geochemistry Jensen, unpub. Pearce, 2011 Bogaard et al. 2014
11 Geochemistry Trace-elements via laser ablation ICP-MS Jensen, unpublished data Pearce, 2011
12 (Kaufman et al., 2012) (Kaufman et al., 2012) (van den Bogaard et al. 2014) Pearce, 2011
13 North America s volcanoes
14 North America s volcanoes June activity ( Volcanic Hazards Program, USGS)
15 North America s volcanoes Active and dangerous volcanoes of Mexico (Fig 2.2 of Geo-Mexico, the geography and dynamics of modern Mexico) Quaternary volcanic centres of BC (Natural Resources Canada -GSC)
16 North America s volcanoes Active and dangerous volcanoes of Mexico (Fig 2.2 of Geo-Mexico, the geography and dynamics of modern Mexico) Quaternary volcanic centres of BC (Natural Resources Canada -GSC)
17 Alaska From: Alaska Interagency Operating Plan for Volcanic Ash Episodes, 2014 Over 130 volcanoes and volcanic fields, at least 50 historically active (since AD 1760) and 90 over the Holocene. At least 8 Holocene calderas (5 > 50 km 3 )
18 Alaska Krakatau 1883: Augustine (VEI 4); Makushin (VEI 2); Bogoslof (VEI 3); Akutan (VEI 2);?Shishaldin (VEI 3)? Novarupta (Katmai) 1912 (VEI 6; ~32 km column height; ~10 Tg aerosol loading) Fierstein, 2012
19 Alaska (and Yukon) Unique terrestrial stratigraphic records going back over 3 million years Over 200 unique large eruptions over the Quaternary (most pre-holocene) ODP 887 Chester Bluff
20 Beyond tephrostratigraphy Proximal: source, eruption dynamics, ages, volatile (sulfur!) estimates Distal: Eruption frequency, size estimates, ages, atmospheric dynamics, (ages)
21 Frequency Proximal records pre-holocene limited by glaciation but many distal records (particularly marine) Various assessments over the years looking at frequency R.J. Stewart, 1975, Nature.
22 (Praetorius et al., in review, EPSL) Frequency Can explore ideas such as the glacial pump (Praetorius Wed 2 pm)
23 Frequency semi-proximal marine and lake records (Holocene) AVO Schiff et al defontaine et al 2007
24 L. Davies, unpublished data Frequency Cryptotephra records are a more distal record less biased to source
25 Cryptotephra The study of non-visible ash layers, well established in Europe Depth (m) NGRIP Kråkenes Loch Ashik Rotmeer RESET: RESponse of Humans to Abrupt Environmental Transitions INTIMATE: INTegrating Ice core, MArine and TErrestrial records RAPID: Rapid climate change project PRECIP: Palaeo REconstruction of ocean-atmosphere Coupling In Peat
26 Cryptotephra in North America
27 Cryptotephra in North America What was expected? Distances from source up to twice as far as some of the furthest reported Icelandic-sourced tephra in Europe. - Iceland to NFLD = ca km; Maine= ca km
28 Pyne-O Donnell et al., 2012, QSR Cryptotephra in North America St. Helens W: AD 1479/80 White River Ash: 1.2 ka Newberry: 1.5 ka Aleutian: 2.2 ka Aniakchak: 3.6 ka East Lake: 7 ka Mazama: 7.6 ka
29 Modified from Pyne-O Donnell et al. 2016, QSR Cryptotephra in North America Glacier Peak Mount St. Helens couplet (B-J)
30 Cryptotephra in North America WRAe White River Ash east NP Newberry Pumice 1- Mono Craters? (CA; 1.6 ka) 2- Augustine? (2.5 ka) 3- A Hayes (AK; 3.5 ka) 4- MSH Yn (WA; 3.7 ka) 5- A Glacier Peak, Dusty Creek (WA; 5.5 ka) EL - East Lake (7 ka) & unknown
31 Cryptotephra in North America Mount St. Helens Goat Rocks period Layer T, AD 1800
32 and beyond White River Ash (east) correlated to AD860B (Jensen et al. 2014, Geology) (new age ~ AD 855)
33 Expect the unexpected A - Jala pumice (AD , Volcan Ceboruco, Mexico) B - Ksudach 1 (~1800 cal yr BP, Kamchatka) C - Ta-C2 ( cal yr BP. Japan)? 0 2,500Km CANADA U.S.A Jeffrey s Bog NEWFOUNDLAND Nordan s Bog Pond MAINE Saco Heath NOVA SCOTIA Villagedale Bog Framboise Bog Study Sites 0 500Km Site from Pyne-O Donnell et al. (2012) MacKay et al, 2016
34 Kamchatka- Kuril >100 active over the Holocene >30 historically Modified from: Alaska Interagency Operating Plan for Volcanic Ash Episodes, 2014
35 Japan 110 active volcanoes
36 Implications Incredible potential to cross-correlate a large portion of the Northern hemisphere. Greenland will be key (White River, Aniakchak, Mazama) but no Icelandic tephra found so far in North America.
37 Implications Sourcing is a tricky business Coupled proximal and distal records can fill in many blanks in our knowledge of volcanic events What does that mean for the sulfur peaks in Greenland? Do atmospheric patterns affect this or just eruptions? Is there an early middle to middle Holocene quiescence?
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