DEGRADATION OF AGRICULTURAL LAND AND THEIR RELEVANT TREATMENT

Transcription

1 DEGRADATION OF AGRICULTURAL LAND AND THEIR RELEVANT TREATMENT A productive agriculture in smooth harmony with a high-quality environment Adrian DOKO Kol CARA

2 AN OVERALL TABLE OF THE ISSUES FACING LAND IN ALBANIA These lands in the country occupy a considerable place of the agricultural land fund and boast non-optimal fertility parameters; Improvments of such lands includes a comprehensive framework of measures of the hyrdotechnical, chemical and agro-technical character as well as the application of appropriate techniques of plant cultivation and protection of soils against erosion, re-salinity, re-acidity, landslides etc; On account of the market climatic changes, vegetation, climate, altitudes, inclines and parent rock, our lands are varied in shape and form and within short distances, Sustainable development of agriculture requires-contemporary technologies of scientific use of land and know-how transferal; Sustainable evaluation of land based on these main pillars: Productivity, Stability, Retention, Effectiveness, Acceptability.

3 Structure of problamatic lands in Albania Structure Struktura e of fondit problematic te tokave problematike, land fund ne in %. % Sand L T. Ranore 7% Acid lands T. Acide 40% Stony lands T. Gurisht. 40% T. Magnesium Magnez. L 7 7% % T. Saline Kripura lands 7 % 7%

4 1. Acid lands They account for acres or roughly 9 % of the agricultural land fund extending from the north-eastern part of teh country to the south-eastern including Shkoder, Puke, Tropoje, Kukes, Diber, Mat, Burrel, Mirdite, Tirane, Pogradec, Korçe, Erseke, etc. The acidity origin is closely connected with the nature and origin of the parent material and the organic matter. In the process of acidification of the land a number of factors play a part including washing and pollution etc.

5 Classification of acid lands Heavily acid lands with ph up to 4-5 ( ha) Average acid lands with ph ( ha) Lightly acid lands with Ph ( ha) Ndarja Division of e acid tokave lands acide in basis sipas of ph ph Shume Heavy acide 25% Lightly Leht. acide 52% Mesat. Average acide 23%

6 2. Saline lands They occupy an area of some ha, or roughly 1.86 % of the agricultural land fund, extending in the western coastal part of the country from Velipoja (north), all the way down to Vrine, where the most heavily concentrated areas comprise Akerni -Vlore, Poveçe-Fier, Rremas-Lushnje, and Spitalle-Durres, etc. Salinity of lands is caused by one of teh following: Ujrat nentokesore shume te kripura; Heavily saline underground waters Sea waters Saline geological formations.

7 Classification of saline lands Heavily saline lands (> 1 % salinity, acres) Saline lands (1-0.6 % salinity, 3981 acres) Average saline lands ( % salinity, acres). Lightly saline lands (< % salinity, 2899 acres). Division Ndarja of e lands tokave based sipas on salinity kripezimit Sh. Krip. 19% Heavily saline Leht. Krip. 23% Lightly saline Saline Kripura 31% Mes. Krip. 27% Average saline

8 3. Lands with magnesium salinity Lands with magnesium salinity occupy some acres, or roughly 2 % of the agricultural land fund, which are concentrated mostly in districts of Puke, Tropoje, Kukes, Bulqize, Librazhd, Pogradec, Korçe, Mirdite, etc. The origin of magnesium lands is closely connected with the parental material that derives from the magnesium rocks and the magnesium contents.

9 Distribution of megnesium lands In the brownish tinted mountainous lands ha. In the brownish meadow lands ha. Ne brown lands ha. Shperndarja Distribution of e magnesium tokave magneziale lands based sipas on type n/tipeve of brown te tokave lands te kafenjta L.K. 34% K.M. 37% K. L. 29%

10 4. Stony and sand lands Stony or sandy lands occupy an area of some acres and acres, or roughly 11 % and 2 % of teh agricultural land fund respectively, which are concentrated mainly in districts of Shkoder, Peshkopi, Vlore, Sarande, Delvine, Gjirokoster, Tepelene, etc. The most widespread lands are to be found in the coastal areas such as in Lushnje, Durres, Shkoder, Lezhe, Fier, etc. Thr origin of these lands is closely connected with the fragmented soil-forming formations which are found in or close to the surface. While the sandy lands are formted during the river and sea sand deposits;

11 Classification of stony lands Lands with stone content > 50 % (6839 acres). Lands with stone content % ( acres). Land with stone content % ( ha). Ndarja Division e of tokave land based sipas on perqindjes percentage of se stones gureve A lot of stones Shume gur. 9% A few stones Pak gur. 62% Average stone Mesat. gur. 29%

12 5. Lands prone to landslides or those threatened with one Lands prone to slides and those with a high risk of slides occupy an area of some 6000 and acres respectively, concentrated in areas including Librazhdit, Elbasanit, Kavaje, Korçes, Mirdites, Matit etc. Area Siperfaqja in % of lands ne % prone e tokave slides te shkara and threatened dhe te rrezikuara with one Lands with threat of slides T. rrez. 96% T. shkara 4% Lands prone to slides

13 Causes Illegal logging. Clay soil-forming formations. Their inclines. Failure to reign in high waters. High-norm irrigation. Consequences Social Economic Ecological

14 Landslides in Synej,Kavaje 2009

15 Landslides in Synej, Kavajes 2009 (cont)

16 Landslides in Synej, Kavajes 2009 (cont)

17 Surface erosion Spots where surface erosion monitoring occurs Evaluations indicate that the extent of surface erosion is at levels from 10 up to 70 ton/acres/ye ar

18 Humbjet e tokes Ton/ha Land erosion based on the monitoring stations Paraqitja grafike e humbjeve te tokes sipas pikave monitoruese Greshice Radhime Kallmet Qaf -Shul Sauk Vithkuq Pikat studimore Monitoring stations Series1

19 Deep erosion

20 Erosion from slides and massive dumping Lands threatened with slides HA. Lands already under slide 6000 HA

21 Erosion in the form and shape of slides They appear to be the most typical examples of water erosion In all of the territory across Albania the lands exposed to such a threat account for ha

22 Erosion along river banks Dozens of acres

23 Damage to hydro-technical works

24 Consequences of river erosion/wash-out Land weathering along the river banks of the country do show consequences that are hard to be remedied in relation to agricultural land and the infrastructure standing on top of it.. The phenomenon is common in all of the segments of the river across the country. The monitoring done in several segments along the river at lengths from 300 to 500 ml, indicate the the land loss is from up to m3/year. Land loss, within one year, are estimated at dozens of acres. With the exception of erosion, along the river banks the biggest influence comes from : deviation of the river beds, As a result of the exploitation with no criteria in place of the inerts, Damage and non-functioning of the protective measures, Lack of new investments Damage to vegetation along the banks of rivers

25 Consequences of river wash-outs Protection works (enbankment, directs panels, water-breakers), have sustained damage and the phenomenon is common in all of the river beds across the country. Damage to and non-functioning of the irrigation infrastructure as a resulty of the deepening of the riverbeds due to overexploitation of inert materials in them. Flooding which has occured in recent years come as a result of the incraese of the coefficient of the running surfacewaters, damage to and nonfunctioning of mountain breakers and lack of investments in constructing such breakers in inclines. The phenomenon displayed and the issued dealt with above are as a result of the intensive exploitation of inerts along the river banks, failure to implement the environmental rehabilitation projects as well as the failure to apply the conditions as laid out in the environmental permits as a result of the stunted legislation.

26 Erosion issues rivers

27 Man-made natural disasters

28 Flooded lands

29 Issues with saline lands and drainage

30 Positive and negative agricultural practices