Chapter: Weathering and Erosion

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2 Chapter: Weathering and Erosion Section 1: Weathering and Soil Formation Minerals form rocks Rocks form soil

3 Weathering Weathering is a mechanical or chemical surface process that breaks rocks into smaller pieces.

4 Mechanical Weathering Mechanical weathering breaks rocks into smaller pieces without changing them chemically. The small pieces are identical in composition to the original rock.

5 Chemical Weathering Chemical weathering occurs when the chemical composition of rock changes.

6 Soil Soil is a mixture of weathered rock, organic matter, water, and air that supports the growth of plants. Organic matter includes decomposed leaves, twigs, roots, and other materials such as decaying animals.

7 Causes of Mechanical Weathering

8 1.Ice Wedging read page 317 figure 2 Freezing and thawing break up rocks Ice crystals occupy more space than water Exerting pressure on the rock.

9 2. Plants Plant roots grow deep into cracks in rock Roots become thicker and longer, exerting pressure and breaking the rock apart.

10 3. Animals Animals can break rocks apart when digging burrows

11 Causes of Chemical Weathering

12 1. Natural Acids Some rocks react chemically with natural acids in the environment. EX: carbonic acid Carbonic acid is the result of the reaction between water and carbon dioxide Carbonic acid can dissolve rocks

13 2. Plant Acids Many plants produce a substance called tannin. In solution, tannin forms tannic acid. This acid dissolves some minerals in rocks and the rock can break

14 3. Effect of Oxygen Oxidation is the effect of chemical changes caused by oxygen, when in contact with iron Some minerals contain IRON, that can react with the oxygen in the air This weakens the rock and it can break

15 Soil Soil is a mixture of weathered rock, organic matter, water, and air that supports the growth of plants.

16 Soil Formation

17 Parent Rock is the rock that will be weathered, forming the soil The type of soil will depend on the type of rock. For example, in areas where sandstone is weathered, sandy soil forms. Limestone will form a soil rich in clay

18 The Slope of the Land On steep hillsides, soil has little chance of developing. This is because rock fragments move downhill constantly.

19 The Slope of the Land In areas where the land is flat, water and wind will help deposit sediments that will form rocks and soil

20 Climate affects soil formation for two reasons 1) Affects the chemical weathering of Rocks important for soil formation Chemical weathering happens faster when the weather is wet and hot

21 Climate 2) Climate affects the amount of organic material in soil. In warm, humid climates, vegetation is lush There is a lot of decomposition of the dead plants and animals resulting in a lot of organic matter in the soil This organic matter is called Hummus

22 Climate Humus helps soil hold water and provides nutrients that plants need to grow. Hummus makes the soil rich.

23 Time It can take thousands of years for some soil to form. As soils develop, they become less like the rock from which they formed.

24 Organisms Organisms influence soil development. Ex: Lichens

25 Organisms Lichens can remove nutrients from rocks that are breaking down This action of the lichens will start forming a thin soil, allowing other plants to grow. The roots of these plants further break down the parent rock, creating more soil

26 Important aspects of soil formation and maintenance:

27 Minerals are considered nonrenewable resources. It takes millions of years to form minerals It is important to recycle all materials obtained from minerals.. Minerals form rocks and Rocks form soil

28 Unplanned use of soil, mining and deforestation can increase erosion. the consequences are: 1) loss of land that is good for agriculture 2) polluted streams and other waterways 3) increased flooding

29 Importance of vegetation for soils Plant roots hold the soil in position and prevent it from being washed away by erosion agents such as wind and water.

30 Importance of vegetation for soils The presence of vegetation increases the quality of the soil ( decomposition of dead plants will contribute to the formation of hummus, that fertilizes the soil)

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