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1 GSA Data Repository Item Hyland, E.G., Sheldon, N.D., Smith, S.Y., and Strömberg, C.A.E.,, Late Miocene rise and fall of C grasses in the western United States linked to aridification and uplift: GSA Bulletin, Data Repository Table DR. Paleosol data and proxy calculations Table DR. Phytolith morphotype counts Table DR. Organic carbon isotope data Table DR. Summary of sites in the region
2 Table DR. Paleosol data and proxy calculations Locality Formation Age (Ma) Bk Thickness (cm) CaO (%) MgO (%) NaO (%) KO (%) AlO (%) PWI CIA-K MAT ( C) MAP (mm/yr) MARP (mm/yr) Robb Creek Beaverhead Timber Hill Timber Hill Sweetwater Madison Railroad Canyon * Data from Retallack ()
3 Table DR. Phytolith count data BHL- BHL- BHL- BHL- BHL- BHL- BHL- BHL- BHL- BHL- BHL- BHL- BHL- BHL- BHL- Helical tracheary (Tra-) Blocky polyhedron (Blo-) Hollow round plate (Ho-) Laminar wall trichome (Tri-) Sedge epidermal plate (Epi-) Echinate sphere (Clm-) Costus-type body (Clm-) Chusquea-type rondel (Co-) Four-lobed cross (Cr-) Equant polylobate (Po-) Panicoid bilobate (Bi-) Crescentic conical rondel (Co-) Pseudo-saddle (Sa-) Inverted bilobate (Bi-) Simple bilobate (Bi-) Generic conical rondel (Co-) Truly conical rondel (Co-) Regular keeled rondel (Kr-) Trapezoidal polylobate (Po-) Symmetrical (A) crenate (Ce-) Spindle-shaped trichome (Tri-) Elongate [indented] (Epi-) Elongate [dendriform] (Epi-) Pitted rod tracheary (Tra-) Smooth elongates (Elo-/Elo-) * MIN C (%) CI(±%)* MAX C (%) * ömberg () * Confidence intervals based on bootstrapping method of Chen et al. ()
4 Table DR. (continued) Helical tracheary (Tra-) Blocky polyhedron (Blo-) Hollow round plate (Ho-) Laminar wall trichome (Tri-) Sedge epidermal plate (Epi-) Echinate sphere (Clm-) Costus-type body (Clm-) Chusquea-type rondel (Co-) Four-lobed cross (Cr-) Equant polylobate (Po-) Panicoid bilobate (Bi-) Crescentic conical rondel (Co-) Pseudo-saddle (Sa-) Inverted bilobate (Bi-) Simple bilobate (Bi-) Generic conical rondel (Co-) Truly conical rondel (Co-) Regular keeled rondel (Kr-) Trapezoidal polylobate (Po-) Symmetrical (A) crenate (Ce-) Spindle-shaped trichome (Tri-) Elongate [indented] (Epi-) Elongate [dendriform] (Epi-) Pitted rod tracheary (Tra-) Smooth elongates (Elo-/Elo-) MIN C (%) CI(±%) MAX C (%)
5 Table DR. (continued) Helical tracheary (Tra-) Blocky polyhedron (Blo-) Hollow round plate (Ho-) Laminar wall trichome (Tri-) Sedge epidermal plate (Epi-) Echinate sphere (Clm-) Costus-type body (Clm-) Chusquea-type rondel (Co-) Four-lobed cross (Cr-) Equant polylobate (Po-) Panicoid bilobate (Bi-) Crescentic conical rondel (Co-) Pseudo-saddle (Sa-) Inverted bilobate (Bi-) Simple bilobate (Bi-) Generic conical rondel (Co-) Truly conical rondel (Co-) Regular keeled rondel (Kr-) Trapezoidal polylobate (Po-) Symmetrical (A) crenate (Ce-) Spindle-shaped trichome (Tri-) Elongate [indented] (Epi-) Elongate [dendriform] (Epi-) Pitted rod tracheary (Tra-) Smooth elongates (Elo-/Elo-) MIN C (%) CI(±%) MAX C (%)
6 Table DR. (continued) Helical tracheary (Tra-) Blocky polyhedron (Blo-) Hollow round plate (Ho-) Laminar wall trichome (Tri-) Sedge epidermal plate (Epi-) Echinate sphere (Clm-) Costus-type body (Clm-) Chusquea-type rondel (Co-) Four-lobed cross (Cr-) Equant polylobate (Po-) Panicoid bilobate (Bi-) Crescentic conical rondel (Co-) Pseudo-saddle (Sa-) Inverted bilobate (Bi-) Simple bilobate (Bi-) Generic conical rondel (Co-) Truly conical rondel (Co-) Regular keeled rondel (Kr-) Trapezoidal polylobate (Po-) Symmetrical (A) crenate (Ce-) Spindle-shaped trichome (Tri-) Elongate [indented] (Epi-) Elongate [dendriform] (Epi-) Pitted rod tracheary (Tra-) Smooth elongates (Elo-/Elo-) MIN C (%) CI(±%) MAX C (%)
7 Table DR. (continued) Robb Creek (RC) Helical tracheary (Tra-) Blocky polyhedron (Blo-) Hollow round plate (Ho-) Laminar wall trichome (Tri-) Sedge epidermal plate (Epi-) Echinate sphere (Clm-) Costus-type body (Clm-) Chusquea-type rondel (Co-) Four-lobed cross (Cr-) Equant polylobate (Po-) Panicoid bilobate (Bi-) Crescentic conical rondel (Co-) Pseudo-saddle (Sa-) Inverted bilobate (Bi-) Simple bilobate (Bi-) Generic conical rondel (Co-) Truly conical rondel (Co-) Regular keeled rondel (Kr-) Trapezoidal polylobate (Po-) Symmetrical (A) crenate (Ce-) Spindle-shaped trichome (Tri-) Elongate [indented] (Epi-) Elongate [dendriform] (Epi-) Pitted rod tracheary (Tra-) Smooth elongates (Elo-/Elo-) MIN C (%) CI(±%) MAX C (%)
8 Table DR. Carbon stable isotope data Sample Height (m) OC (%) δ org ( ) C (%) BHLX- BHLX- BHLX- BHLX- BHLX- BHLX- BHLX- BHLX Robb Creek (RC) RCX- RCX- RCX- RCX- RCX- RCX- RCX- RCD-* RCD-* RCD-* Big Sky (BS) RBMS- RBMS- RBMS- RBMS- RBMS- RBMS Average organic carbon composition based on ~ analyses per sample. Estimate based on modeled C endmembers of -. for the Miocene, -. for the Pliocene, and -. for the modern, and modeled C endmembers of - for the Miocene, -. for the Pliocene, and -. for the modern (e.g., Diefendorf et al., ; Tipple et al., ; Cotton et al., ). * Samples from Section B.
9 Table DR. Summary of sites in the region Site Age (Ma) Phytolith % C Isotope % C Census/ satellite Source Railroad Canyon - - (%) - (%) Harris et al. () Trace Fossil Site (TFF) Robb Creek (RC) Big Sky (BS) Red Lodge Bighorn Badlands (%) - (%) - (%) - (%) - (%) - (%) - (%) - (%) - (%) - (%) - (%) - (%) - (%) Chen et al. () Cotton et al. () This work This work This work; DAAC () DAAC () DAAC () DAAC () Supplementary References Mulholland, S. (Eds.), Phytolith Systematics, Plenum Press (New York, NY), p. -. Chen, S.T., Smith, S.Y., Sheldon, N.D., and Strömberg, C.A.E.,, Regional-scale variability in the spread of grasslands in the late Miocene: Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, v., p. -. Cotton, J.M., Sheldon, N.D., and Strömberg, C.A.E.,, High-resolution isotopic record of C photosynthesis in a Miocene grassland: Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, v., p. -. Distributed Active Archive Center for Biogeochemical Dynamics (DAAC),, North America Grassland C and C relative fraction maps: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Harris, E.B., Strömberg, C.A.E., Sheldon, N.D., Smith, S.Y., Vilhena, D.A.,, Vegetation response during the lead-up to the middle Miocene warming event in the Northern Rocky Mountains, USA: Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, v., p. -. Strömberg, C.A.E.,, The origin and spread of grass-dominated ecosystems during the Tertiary of North America and how it relates to the evolution of hypsodonty in equids: University of California Berkeley (PhD Thesis), pp.. Tipple, B., Meyers, S., and Pagani, M.,, Carbon isotope ratio of Cenozoic CO : A comparative evaluation of available geochemical proxies: Palaeoceanography, v., PA.
FI, Costus-type body Cl-4 Small, smooth, pink sphere FI-GEN FI Cl-5 Compound sphere FI-GEN FI
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