DATA REPOSITORY MATERIAL TABLE DR1 Strontium isotope data used in Figs. 1-3

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1 DATA REPOSITORY MATERIAL TABLE DR1 Strontium isotope data used in Figs. 1-3 Meters Section Formation Biostrat. Zone* 87 Sr/ 86 Sr Uncertainty Sr (ppm) 0 BLM Fence AVLS flabellum BLM Fence AVLS altifrons BLM Fence AVLS sinuosa BLM Fence AVLS sinuosa BLM Fence AVLS holodentata BLM Fence AVLS polonicus BLM Fence AVLS polonicus Hill 8308 AVLS serra Hill 8308 AVLS serra Hill 8308 CPH anserinus Hill 8308 CPH anserinus Hill 8308 CPH tvaerensis Hill 8308 CPH tvaerensis Hill 8308 CPH tvaerensis Hill 8308 CPH undatus Hill 8308 CPH tenuis Copenhagen Canyon HC ordovicicus Copenhagen Canyon HC ordovicicus Copenhagen Canyon HC ordovicicus AVLS = Antelope Valley Limestone CPH = Copenhagen Formation HC = Hanson Creek Formation *The conodont zonation used here (from Harris et al., 1979; Finney et al., 1999; Sweet et al., 2005) has been integrated into the latest calibrated radiometric time scale for the Ordovician (Fig. 2.2 of Webby et al., 2004). The laboratory value for the SRM 987 standard is ( 87 Sr/ 86 Sr) = ± (one-sigma external reproducibility). Uncertainties given for the 87 Sr/ 86 Sr values are for two-sigma mean internal reproducibility, typically based upon 100 measured ratios. The 87 Sr/ 86 Sr reported ratios are normalized for instrumental fractionation using a normal Sr ratio of 86 Sr/ 88 Sr =

2 TABLE DR2 Model differential equations, reservoirs, fluxes, constants and variables Differential Equations d(m OP ) dt d(m OC ) dt = F wp F bp = F worg + F volc F borg F wsil dr O dt = 1+ r O 1+ r B (r R r O )* F wsr + 1+ r O 1+ r B (r B r O )* F volc * f hyd M O,Sr Reservoir Description Initial size, x mol References and notes M O,Sr Amount of Sr in Ocean 19 x 10 4 (held constant) Kump (1989) 87 Sr/ 86 Sr ratio in seawater Kump (1989) r O M O,C Total inorganic carbon in the oceans and atmosphere 1.61 x 10 7 Set to give an atmospheric pco 2 of 5000 ppmv after Kump and Arthur (1997) M O,P Amount of phosphate in the oceans 3 x 10 3 Kump and Arthur (1999) Flux Description Magnitude (x mol per ky) F wsr Flux of strontium into the oceans 30 x weatherability x climate_weathering_fa ctor F wp Flux of phosphate into the oceans 30 x weatherability x climate_weathering_fa ctor F bp Flux of phosphate out of the oceans due to burial 30 x M O,P M O,P initial F worg Organic carbon weathering flux x weatherability x climate_weathering_fa ctor References and notes Kump (1989) Ruttenberg et al. (1993); Kump and Arthur (1999) Broecker and Peng (1982) Kump and Arthur (1999) F borg Organic carbon burial flux F bp x C/P Broecker and Peng (1982) F wsil Silicate weathering 6000 x weatherability x climate_weathering_fa Kump and Arthur (1997)

3 ctor F volc Carbon dioxide released from volcanic activity specified (see Fig. 3 in text) Kump and Arthur (1997) Constants and Variables weatherabi lity C/P Description Value References and notes Factor representing soil thickness, fresh mineral exposure area, reactivity of soil minerals Ratio of carbon to phosphorus in buried Specified (see Fig. 3) organic matter r R Riverine Sr isotope ratio if model time < ky then r R = time(ky) x 1x10-8 else r R = ( (weatherability -1) *0.7043) / weatherability Kump and Arthur (1997) 333 Based on ratio of steady state burial rates Relationship ties the increase in weatherability (from 1 to 1.25) directly to a basaltic source with a Sr isotope ratio of r B Sr isotope ratio of basalt Stern (1982) f hyd Hydrothermal fraction of volcanism 1.75 x 10-3 Scales modern hydrothermal Sr flux to modern global volcanic CO 2 release 2 pco 2 Atmospheric pco 2 M OC Units of ppmv. initial 280 Assumes ocean remains M OC saturated with CaCO 3 (Kump and Arthur, 1999). Initial value set at 5000 ppmv (Berner, climate_w eathering_ factor Normalized effect of climate on weathering pco ) Crudely captures weathering response of more complicated models such as those of Berner (e.g., Berner, 2006). Normalized to an initial atmospheric pco 2 of 5000 ppmv.

4 TABLE DR3 Model results plotted in Fig. 2 based upon parameters defined in Table DR2 Time (ky) F borg Atm pco 2 Weat herab ility ro (oceanic 87 Sr/ 86 Sr) Age (Ma) F volc F wsil F worg F wp rr (riverine 87 Sr/ 86 Sr) 0 10, , ,000 6,000 6, , , , ,400 6,000 6, , , , ,800 6,000 6, , , , ,200 6,000 6, , , , ,600 6,000 6, , , , ,000 6,000 6, , , , ,400 6,000 6, , , , ,800 6,000 6, , , , ,200 6,000 6, , , , ,600 6,000 6, , , , ,000 6,000 6, , , , ,400 6,000 6, , , , ,800 6,000 6, , , , ,200 6,000 6, , , , ,600 6,000 6, , , , ,000 6,000 6, , , , ,400 6,000 6, , , , ,800 6,000 6, , , , ,200 6,000 6, , , , ,600 6,000 6, , , , ,000 6,000 6, , , , ,400 6,000 6, , , , ,800 6,000 6, , , , ,200 6,000 6, , , , ,600 6,000 6, , , , ,000 6,000 6, , , , ,400 6,000 6, , , , ,800 6,000 6, , , , ,200 6,000 6, , , , ,600 6,000 6, , , , ,000 6,000 6, , , , ,400 6,000 6, , , , ,800 6,000 6, , , , ,200 6,000 6, , , , ,600 6,150 6, , , , ,000 6,375 6, , , , ,400 6,600 6, , , , ,800 6,825 6, , , , ,200 7,050 7, , , , ,600 7,275 7, , , , ,000 7,500 7, , , , ,400 7,500 7, , , , ,800 7,500 7, ,

5 , , ,200 7,500 7, , , , ,600 7,500 7, , , , ,000 7,500 7, , , , ,400 7,500 7, , , , ,800 7,500 7, , , , ,200 7,500 7, , , , ,600 7,500 7, , , , ,000 7,500 7, , , , ,400 7,500 7, , , , ,800 7,500 7, , , , ,200 7,500 7, , , , ,600 7,500 7, , , , ,000 7,500 7, , , , ,400 7,500 7, , , , ,800 7,500 7, , , , ,200 7,500 7, , , , ,600 7,500 7, , , , ,000 7,500 7, , , , ,400 7,275 7, , , , ,800 7,050 7, , , , ,200 6,825 7, , , , ,600 6,600 7, , , , ,000 6,375 7, , , , ,400 6,150 6, , , , ,800 6,000 6, , , , ,200 6,000 6, , , , ,600 6,000 6, , , , ,000 6,000 6, , , , ,400 6,000 6, , , , ,800 6,000 6, , , , ,200 6,000 6, , , , ,600 6,000 6, , Final 2, , *Symbols for reservoirs, fluxes, constants, and variables the same as in Table DR2. DATA REPOSITORY FIGURES Figure DR1. Phanerozoic seawater strontium isotope curve (after Burke et al., 1982), showing the Ordovician drop interval. Figure DR2. Middle to Late Ordovician paleogeographic map (modified from Cocks and Torsvik, 2002). Shown on the map are the study area in central Nevada (star), along with the juvenile arc terranes in the Iapetus ocean near the eastern margin of Laurentia. Figure DR3. 87 Sr/ 86 Sr vs. Sr concentration. Data from Table DR1. Figure DR4. 87 Sr/ 86 Sr vs. δ 18 O. The δ 18 O data are from Saltzman and Young (2005).

6 Ordovician drop 87 Sr/ 86 Sr C Ord S Dev Carb Per Trias Jura Cretac Cenozoic Paleozoic Mesozoic Fig. DR1. Volcanic Island Arc 87 Sr/ 86 Sr sample locality (Nevada) Panthalassic Ocean Siberia EQUATOR Gondwana Laurentia Iapetus Ocean South China Baltica Gondwana Fig. DR2.

7

8 ADDITIONAL DATA REPOSITORY REFERENCES Berner, R.A., GEOCARBSULF: A combined model for Phanerozoic atmospheric O 2 and CO 2 : Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta v. 70, p Broecker, W.S., T.-H. Peng, Tracers in the Sea, Eldigo Press, Palisades, NY. Cocks, L.R.M., and Torsvik, T.H., 2002, Earth geography from 500 to 400 million years ago: a faunal and paleomagnetic review: Journal of the Geological Society, London, v. 159, p Kump, L.R., 1989, Alternative modeling approaches to the geochemical cycles of carbon, sulfur, and strontium isotopes: American Journal of Science, v. 289, p Kump, L.R. and Arthur, M.A., Interpreting carbon-isotope excursions: Carbonates and organic matter: Chemical Geology v. 161, p Ruttenberg, K.S., Reassessment of the oceanic residence time of phosphorus: Chemical Geology v. 107, p Stern, R.J., 1982, Strontium isotopes from circum-pacific intra-oceanic island arcs and marginal basins: Regional variations and implications for magma genesis: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 93, p

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