WORLD VEGETATION MAP TUNDRA MOUNTAINS AND ICE CAPS TROPICAL RAINFOREST TEMPERATE GRASSLAND TEMPERATE FOREST NORTH-WESTERN CARBONIFEROUS FOREST DESERT

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1 Endemic Rainforest and its geological past in the Indian Peninsula Anjum Farooqui M.Sc. Ph.D(Botany) Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeobotany, 53, University Road, Lucknow, India WORLD VEGETATION MAP 0⁰ TROPICAL RAINFOREST TROPICAL DRY FOREST TROPICAL SAVANA TEMPERATE GRASSLAND DESERT TEMPERATE WOODLAND & SHRUBLAND TEMPERATE FOREST NORTH-WESTERN CARBONIFEROUS FOREST BOREAL FOREST (TAIGA) TUNDRA MOUNTAINS AND ICE CAPS

2 Present Day Vegetation in India

3 Present Day Rainfall pattern in India

4 Climate-Vegetation equilibrium in the Indian sub-continent Sites for Palynological Study 1-3- Gujarat 4-7-South-western ghats South-east coast Central India

5 The Western Ghats, India Over 5,000 different plantsoccur in the Western Ghats. Around 1,700of these are found nowhere else in the world. Savanna Grassland Heterogenous Flora

6 High rainfall Water drains in the broad valleys Several lacustrine deposits Lakes surrounded by MontaneForest at different Altitude Lakes are the Excellent Archives of past Vegetation Vegetation tends to remain in equilibrium with the prevailing Climate Palynologicalstudy provides clue to Climate changes in the past.

7 CLIMATE-VEGETATION EQUILIBRIUM The Rainforest here occurs in the mist laden humid environment receiving 7-8 months of rainfall. Strengthened Summer Monsoon and Winter Monsoon The highlands (1500m altitude) obstructs the clouds resulting into heavy rainfall during SWM. The retreat of monsoon again showers rain in this region. The windward side towards the coast receives most of the rainfall and thereby, the occurrence of Rainforest Most of pollen from this region is transported to coastal /marine wetlands where they get preserved Therefore, the coastal sediments and Marine sediments serve as potential archive for monitoring climate through palynology.

8 Adverse Climate: Low Rainfall (During Cold & Arid Conditions- Glacial periods) Vegetation shrinks to Pockets in areas retaining soil moisture around water body, Crevices or shady areas where evaporation is minimum. Plant takes refuge in pockets

9 Commercial Exploitation of the land in western Ghats Loss in Plant Diversity Climate Change Enhanced by Anthropogenic activity

10 MONSOON SYSTEM OVER INDIA SWM-The Myanmar hills reflect the winds as a result the central part of India receives rainfall late in July. NWM-Winds passing over the land are drier. Winds passing over Bay of Bengal is moisture laden. South-east coast receives more NEM than SWM. West coast receives both the Monsoons. Highlands of Western ghats obstruct the Moisture laden Winds Coastline

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12 Sea level Highstand ~80 ka in Chaganacherry, Kerala Arabian Sea

13 Varkala Cliff (Mio-Pliocene age )

14 National Geological Monument

15 Palynological study from south-western ghats Holocene and Pre LGM record Shola Forest in western ghats Nilgiri Hills ~35-15 ka Shola forest invaded grassland (40 ka record) (Vishnu- Mittre &Gupta, 1971; Gupta 1973; 1970; Blasco &Thanikaimoni, 1974; Vasanthy, 1988) Palni Hills ~12ka- invasion of shola forest (50 ka record) Gupta & Bera, 1998; ~14-7 ka- Bera & Farooqui, Late Quaternary Record Chaganachery Well Section Kerala: Pollen grains of about 80 taxa of rain forest and mangroves along with the Dinoflagellate cysts were recorded along with the YTT Glass Shards (MIS 5.1).

16 Pollen grains during MIS 5a from Chaganachery Kerala Highstand during MIS 5a Farooqui et al., 2010

17 Palynological Study in sediment cores from Palni Hills, South-western Ghats

18 Study area and Sediment Core location 20 N INDIA 18 Western Ghat Flora 16 Study Site 14 Endemic Rainforest SK-129 CR Tropical Rainforest Vegetation Mixed Vegetation 500 km Figure 1

19 cumulation (in cm) Rate of sediment Accumulation cm/ka Oxygen Isotopic Age (ka) 1-6: MIS Stages a 5c e/ Sediment Acc a 3b 3c 5b d Depth of the Core in cm Figure

20 Core Depth Oxygen Isotopic Age in Ka, 2000 Average of pollen percentage in cm Pattan et al., 2005 After Wright et al., ZONE 6 (MIS-1) ZONE 5 (MIS-2) Depth in cm { ZONE 4 (MIS-3) { ZONE 3 (MIS-4) { ZONE 2 (MIS-5) a 5b Percentage of Marine and Terrestrial PF s and NPF s Magnitude of Marine and Terrestrial Pf s and NPF s RELATIVE SEA LEVEL high low TERRESTRIAL TRIAL PALYNOMORPHS MARINE PALYNOMORPHS Age (ka) Pattan et al., 2005 SK-129-CR05 δ 1 8 O (%0) MIS MIS MIS MIS MIS SPECMAP δ 1 8 O (%0) SK-128A-31 Prabhu et al., 2004 δ 1 8 O (%0) Age (ka) 100 5d 5c { e ZONE 1 (MIS-6) Pollen (Pf s) NPF s- Non-Pollen Forms (Marine)- NPF s- Non-Pollen Forms (terrigenous)- { Graminaceous cuticle Schematic line relative to present shoreline Phytolith 150 Nematosphaeropsis / Tuberculodinium Spiniferites Foraminifera lining Botryococcus MIS-6 Discoaster/Amaurolithus (reworked Neogene land sediment) Figure 6

21 Highlights of palynological study in Sediment core from south-eastern Arabian Sea 140 ka pollen record of western ghat rainforest from Arabian sea, India. Sea level highstand during MIS-6,5 & Holocene supported by high terrestrial clasts. Ongoeckia gore relates to Gondwana lineage of rainforest flora in southern India. Similar monsoon circulation over South India since the Middle Miocene Climate Optimum. Drastic decline in rainforest diversity post LGM

22 Inferences from Palynological Record related to global Interglacial and Glacial Cycles HST & Rainforest in Eastern ghats HST & Rainforest in Western ghats

23 CONCLUSIONS Sea level highstandsrecorded both on the west coast (MIS 5a) and east coast (MIS 3a &3c) correlate well with the global records. During these periods Rainforest was dominant in western ghats& eastern ghats. LGM was most vulnerable period that reduced the vegetation to Savanna grassland in western ghatsas well as in most parts of the Indian sub-continent. Plants took Refuge in pockets during the glacial periods in favourableareas such as near water bodies, crevices or as riparian forest where soil moisture was sufficient for sustenance. Trees such as Cullenia, Dipterocarpus, Hopea, Shorea, Nypaetc shows its palynologicalevidence until middle Holocene in east coast as well. The advent of Holocene warmer climate and high rainfall rejuvenated the plant refugiain most parts of India which continued until around 3000 yrs. BP. A decline in moist forest is evident since ~3-2 ka in most parts of India. Several endemic rainforest taxa are at the verge of decline from south-western ghats. Rainforest pollen is recorded from Varkalaformation (Miocene) along the Kerala coast. The pollen morphology shows its affinity with present day pollen of rainforest present in Southwestern ghats. The Rainforest of south-western ghats shows endemism and is called as fossil flora. Our study of Pleistocene record points that the rainforest existed in continuity since Tertiary Period although the species extinction or migration cannot be ruled out. The monsoon circulation over southern India was similar since the Middle Miocene Climate Optimum and the flora in the south-western ghatsis a fossil ecosystem. During the late-holocene, shortening in the length of the monsoon season in response to decreasing solar insolationwas due to continuous southward migration of mean summer ITCZ (Fleitmann et al., 2007) from 7.8 ka to present. This could be responsible for the climatic changes that have occurred during this duration.

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