Panama isthmus rise at

Transcription

1 Panama isthmus rise at

2 Thermohaline Circulation Orange=warm shallow waters Blue=cold deep waters Broecker et al 1987; Lozier 2010

3 NHG at 2.7 Ma Artic glaciation, Gulf Stream

4 BIRTH OF CARIBBEAN SEA Caribbean non-seasonal nutrient-poor high-carbonates (corals) Pacific Seasonality rich in nutrients low carbonates (few corals)

5 GABI Pacific CA Caribbean SA 3.5Ma

6 Classic Panamanian Isthmus Rise Literature (more than 1800 citations over past 30 years) Title Author/Publication Date Total citations (Web of Knowledge) Total citations (Google Scholar) The geology of the Darien, Panama, and the late Miocene- Pliocene collision of the Panama Arc with northwestern South America Coates et al., Early Neogene history of the Central American arc from Bocas del Toro, western Panama Coates et al., Effect of the formation of the Isthmus of Panama on Atlantic Ocean thermohaline circulation Haugh, The geologic evolution of the Central American isthmus Coates & Obando, Closure of the Isthmus of Panamá: The near-shore marine record of Costa Rica and western Panama Coates et al., The Choco Block in the Northwestern corner of South America: structural, tectonostratigraphic and paleogeographic implications Duque, Neogene stratigraphy, paleoceanography and paleobiogeography in northwest South America and evolution of the Pama Seaway Duque, The great American biotic interchange Stehli & Webb, Splendid Isolation: The Curious History of South American Mammals Simpson, Pliocene closing of the Isthmus of Panama, based on biostratigraphic evidence from nearby Pacific Ocean and Caribbean Sea cores Lloyd, no vicariant date [3.5 Ma] is better dated than the Isthmus (Lessios et al 2008)

7 @Ziegler

8 photos by C. Ziegler

9 Panama block initial collision with South America, initial uplift eastern Andes northern South America Thermochronology Farris et al 2011 Montes et al 2012

10 ~16 Ma CANAL BASIN (central Panama) The very shallow crystallization depth of Late basalt indicates no exhumation since the Miocene, or at the very least burial=exhumation. Farris, et al in review

11 Montes et al 2015

12 By 13 Ma sediments from Panama arc reached fluvial Systems of Western Colombia

13 Montes et al 2015

14 BCI Az Lowland flora Barro Colorado Island 50ha plot Extant Panama Canal Miocene Az Lowland pollen flora Cucaracha & Culebra Fm Early Miocene (~18 Ma) Panama Canal Jaramillo et al 2014

15 Guazuma and Pentaclaris wood (Malvaceae) Early Miocene (~18.5 Rodriguez et al, 2014

16 A 20 million year old rainforests based on permineralized fruits and seeds from the Cucaracha Formation Lauraceae Parinari Juglandaceae Sacoglottis Spondias Vitaceae Annonaceae Herrera et al, in press

17

18 Boa constrictor (SA->CA), Cucaracha, Early Miocene Head et al 2012

19 FRESH-WATER TURTLES, EARLY MIOCENE, CUCARACHA/CULEBRA NA->CA Cadena et. al NA->CA NA->CA SA->CA TESTUDINES CRYPTODIRA Kinosternidae Staurotypus moschus new species Early-middle Miocene Cucaracha Formation Estimated carapace length: 27cm TESTUDINES CRYPTODIRA Trionychidae Incertae sedis Early-middle Miocene Cucaracha Formation TESTUDINES CRYPTODIRA Geoemydidae Rhinoclemmys panamaensis new speies Early-middle Miocene Cucaracha Formation, Panama Estimated carapace length: 41 cm. TESTUDINES PLEURODIRA Podocnemididae Incertae sedis Early Miocene Culebra Formation, Panama Estimated large size of the shell: 100 cm. Cadena et. al. 2012

20 Culebrasuchus mesoamericanus Sister taxa to all Caimaninae SA->CA Crocodiles EARLY MIOCENE Hasting et. al cf. Purussaurus sp SA->CA

21 Mammal paleofaunas of Cascadas Fm (21 Ma) Modified from Rincon et al. (2013)

22 Mammal paleofaunas of Cucarachas Fm (18.9 Ma) Modified from Rincon et al. (2013)

23 The colonization of Central America by South American Pristimantis involved at least 11 independent events. At least 8 of these invasions into CA took place prior to 4 Ma, mainly in the Miocene (6-14Ma) rain frogs, largely restricted to moist, forested habitats part of of SA clade Terrarana Pinto et al, 2012

24 There is a strong increase in migration starting ~10/12 Ma Bacon et al, 2015

25 Bacon et al, 2015

26 Bacon et al, 2015

27

28 Montes et al 2012 CAS ~21 Ma Coates et al 2004 Very similar models but our model 1)quantify the width of seaway (~200km) and 2)terrestrial fossils indicate a continuous land connection of canal basin with NA

29 Montes et al 2012 No CAS ~10 Ma Coates et al 2004 No CAS Both models show a collision of SA & Panama microplate by 10 Ma CAS connection is closed

30 The collision of Panama Indenter produces a tear across the Andes, The Caldas Tear, that starts ~10 Ma Vargas and Mann 2013

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32 Dimension 2 Deep benthic foraminifera Site 502 By late Miocene, already separated Site 503 MDS Site 502 (Caribbean) Site 503 (Pacific) Pleistocene Pliocene Messinian Dimension 1 *After McDougall s (1996) taxonomical identification Data after McDougall (1996)

33 Gazel et al 2015

34 Gazel et al 2015

35 CAS paleoceanographic models author CAS depth (m) CAS width (Km) Mikolajewicz and Browley Steph et al Scheider and Schmittner 2006 Murdock et al 1997 Nisancioglu et al 2003 Butzin et al 2011 Prange and Schulz, 2004 Klocker et al 2005 Steph et al 2010 Lunt et al 2008 Maier-Reimer et al ;700; ; ;500;1000; Mikolajewicz et al Heydt & Dijkstra 2005 Heydt & Dijkstra 2006 Nof and van Gorder

36 Surface waters A->P CAS -400km wide -Along a parallel Intermediate waters P->A Deep waters P->A -Net Flow P->A -reduces salinity of A -slows down AMOC (Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation) Sepulchre et al 2014

37 NET FLOW P->A 7.8Sv Sill 1500m deep 5.4Sv Sill 500m 0.4Sv Sill 200m -3.8Sv Sill 50M NO AMOC AMOC Major drop in P-A flow exchange once a 200m deep CAS is reached

38 Comparing Nd, empirical vs model Sepulchre et al 2014

39 Onset significant NCW Poore et al 2005

40 Nevertheles, P-C water exchange still continued until 4.2 Ma Haug et al 2001

41 >50m Neogene Eustatic Sea level Hardenbol et al 1998

42 Northern hemisphere glaciation (NHG) CAS closure, End of permanent El Nino, CO2 threshold, cooling of Antarctica, unknown mechanism

43 Empirical example of a massive biological invasion

44 NA SA

45 GABI revisited Mammals 2.7

46 TRF Dry Forest Savanna Desert MAP 1500mm MAT 28C

47 ITCZ NOAA s Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES-11)

48 ITZC And Ice Caps

49 ITZC & Andes low Isthmus open Sepulchre in progress

50 402 ppm, Jun 1/2014

51