Geology of the Lake Vostok region. German Leitchenkov
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1 Geology of the Lake Vostok region German Leitchenkov Institute for geology and Mineral Resources of the World Ocean, St.-Petersburg Sep. 25, 2015
2 Vostok
3 Bedrock topography of Antarctica Gamburtsev Mts Lake Vostok Elevation л ь km 1000 km
4 Geology & Tectonics of East Antarctica
5 Simplified Geology of East Antarctica Prince Charles Mts Lake Vostok Denman Gl. Cratons (4-2 Billion years) Mobile belts ( Billion years) Pacific (Ross) Orogen (~ 0.5 Billion years)
6 Grunehogna Craton Tectonic provinces of East Antarctica Leitchenkov et al., 2014, 2015 Napier Craton Shackleton Range Mawson Craton (?) A-PP Ruker Craton Vestfold Craton Nimrod Group Lake Vostok NA-PP Cratons (4-2 b.y.) Mawson Craton Mobile Belts ( b.y.) Rifts ( million years) Leitchenkov G., Antonov A., Luneov P., Lipenkov V. Geology and environments of subglacial Lake Vostok. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A Vol. 373,. In press
7 Geophysical studies over Lake Vostok
8 Geophysical studies USA Airborne survey, 2000 Equipment: Magnetic, Gravity, RES Total length of lines: > km RUSSIA On-land Radio-Echo Soundings Vostok Station Radar: 60-MHz Total length Reflection of lines: Seismics 5200 km measurements. Space interval: 25 m Offsets: 3-4 km. Explosives: 3-12 kg Refraction Seismics Offsets: up to 60 km. Explosives: kg
9 Bedrock topography Studinger et al., 2003; Popkov et al., 2009 Seismic Section ICE WATER 1000 BEDROCK Length: 250 km Width: km Morphology of the depression shows resemblance with rift-related lakes Seismic section Maximum Depths: ~1600 m below sea level ~1200 m below ice base 2-nd in the World Surface are: ~ km 17-th in the World 2 Water volume: ~ 6000 km 3 5-th in the World
10 Vostok (Depth: >1600 m) Albert (Depth: 58 m) Tanganyika (Depth: 1470 m) Malavi (Depth: 704 m) Rift Lakes Baikal (Depth: 1642 m) 50 km
11 TECTONIC SETTING OF LAKE VOSTOK
12 Type structure of continental rift Fig Fig Rifts are formed due to crustal extension
13 Gondwana Antarctic Rift System Africa South America Antarctica Mesozoic Failed Rifts Lambert Rift Late Cenozoic East African Rift Vostok Leychenkov et al., 1998 (AARI meeting), 2003 (EGU meeting), (2004 MGI Paper) >500 м
14 Gondwana 140 Ma Ferraccioli et al., 2011 Rift System INDIA AFRICA ANTARCTICA LV
15 Seismic Refraction Experiments
16 sediments depth seconds seconds seconds Seismic refraction Experiment Technology: Two reversed lines; 1 and 2 km between receivers; Shot points: kg of TNT km 1000 Distance (km) km Vostok Station Ice Sedimentary Rocks Crystalline Basement 3.9 km/s 5.4 km/s 6.2 km/s
17 Simplified Geology of East Antarctica Prince Charles Mts Lake Vostok Denman Gl. Cratons (4-2 Billion years) Mobile belts ( Billion years) Pacific (Ross) Orogen (~ 0.5 Billion years) Sandstones million years 2.6 g/cm 3 Density 2.6 g/cm Velocity 5/4 km/s
18 Study of Mineral Inclusions in Debris-laden Basal Ice
19 Depth, m Vostok Borehole 5G 5G Vostok 3400 Meteoric Ice Debris-laden Layer Accreted Ice 5G / m 3618 m 80 m 5G-3 5G m
20 Ice-Water-Bedrock section across Lake Vostok NW Vostok Station SE Ice 5G Studied inclusions (core depths in meters) Depth (km) Elevation (km) Number per liter Number of inclusions in the accreted ice Black filling indicates intervals with large (>2 mm) inclusions Lipenkov et a;., G-1 3 cm Accreted Ice 5G-3 5G-2 5 mm Bedrock Water Inclusions are soft aggregates consisting mainly of clay-mica minerals and quartz clasts
21 depth (m) Size 1.2 mm >1.0 mm 1.0 mm 1.0 mm μn Study of mineral inclusions I d e n t i f i e d m i n e r a l s Clay-mica and accessory minerals including Aragonite (CaCO3) Clay-mica and accessory ( μm) minerals including Pyrite ( FeS2) and Dolomite - CaMg(CO3)2 Mostly mica minerals (group of biotite) Mostly mica minerals (group of biotite) + chlorite & Calcite (CaCO3) Sphalerites (ZnFeS), Molibdenite (MoS2) mm 40% Clay-mica minerals; 20% rock clasts (pelites, aleurolites) 35% biotite; Aragonite (3 crystals, mm long) 1 mm aragonite 3549 pyrite 0,3 mm 3550 Aragonite, calcite and sulfides found in sediment inclusions support idea about hydrothermal activity in Lake Vostok The chemical precipitation of aragonite requires the parent water to be saturated in CaCO3
22 3608 m after shaking Study of clay minerals Clay matter Rock debris VNNIOkeanheologia Institute of Geology of Ore Deposits, Petrography, Mineralogy and Geochemistry, RAN
23 Intensity (counts) Mineral composition X-Ray diffraction spectra (oriented samples)! Clay Minerals: Illite 69% Chlorite 24% Kaolinite 7% Quartz, Feldspar, amorphous material X-Ray diffractometer ULTIMA-IV, Rigaku, Japan (Moscow State University, Geological Faculty) 2 (Θ) degree
24 Rock Clasts
25 3607 м Rick clasts 5G1 Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) Image SANDSTONE
26 3608 м 1 5G1 3 cm 2 mm 5 mm Sandstones & siltstones
27 Biggest rock clast from 5G-3 (3608 m) Plane-Polarized light Thin Sections Siltstone 2 mm Cross-Polarized light Feldspars 0.1 mm Other detritus are predominantly quartz 2 mm
28 100μm Zircons Monozites X-Ray detector Totally, 31 Zircone and 5 monazite grains have been identified
29 Relative probability Zircon/monozite ages Billion years Billion years byr U-Pb concordia diagram for studied zircons
30 Zircon ages billion years billion years
31 Tectonic provinces of East Antarctica Leitchenkov et al., Kunlun Lake Vostok billion years billion years ~0.5 billion years million years Ancient Terranes Mobile Belts Orogeny/Activization Rifts Arrival of billion years zircons Late Neoproterozoic Basin ( < 600 Ma) Arrival of billion years zircons
32 Geology of Lake Vostok Subbottom sediments & Challenge for Drilling
33 Current and proposed Over-ice drill sites with rock sampling Lake Ellsworth 3.4 km Lake Whillans 0.8 km 3.75 km Kunlun 3.1 km Lake Vostok Vostok Station 3.75 km 3.4 km 0.8 km Ice thickness above Drill Sites
34 Chinese Drilling System for rock sampling
35 RAID is designed to penetrate up to 3,3 km of ice 1 week New US Project for drilling on Antarctic continent (Fast Drilling trough ice with bedrock sampling) RAID Rapid Access Ice Core
36 Seismic Studies of the Lake Bottom
37 Seismic refraction Experiment seconds seconds depth seconds 0 km km 1000 km Vostok Station 6.0 km/s Ice Water 3.9 km/s Crystalline Basement
38 Two-way travel time (sec.) W Vostok Station 3760 m E Lake floor Water 610 +/- 2- m Ice Bottom Vostok Station Seismic section across southern Lake Vostok Sediments: m
39 Depth (km) Thin sedimentary infill in Lake Vostok suggests the low rate of deposition and relatively young age of sediments and lake depression Post middle Miocene? Ice Water Bedrock Studinger et al., 2002 What geodynamic processes have led to formation of the deep Lake Depression?
40 Age and composition of Lake Vostok Sediments
41 Glacial sedimentation ICE Debris-laden ice Water Old Sediments Soft sediments
42 Ice/water/bedrock section of the southern Lake Vostok (along the ice flow line) Atmospheric Ice No debris ( m.y.) Accreted Ice Water Old (consolidated) sediments Soft sediments Crystalline rocks 100 km
43 4.8 м Basal Ice at the Byrd Station Ice flow velocities Byrd 2153 м Byrd Vostok Gow and Meese, 1996
44 Million years Million years Modern clay/silt 3m 0m Predictable Geological Section Start of glaciation hiatus Earth s mean Temperature Warming periods
45 New Challenge Bottom sediments contains exceptionally unique information about Environmental changes and geology of Central Antarctica as well as about extreme life, so the sampling of these sediments is the extremely important task of the Future!!!
46 CORE (1-3 m long): Record of EAIS evolution (last m.y.) Transition from temperate to full ice sheet conditions (~14 Ma) Oscillations of EAIS Lake environments Variations in lake environments (lake survival, water temperatures, ph, Redox) Geology Sediment flux, Provenance (sources of minerals) Crustal conditions (tectonic activity, hydrothermal activity) Biology Fossil microorganisms SCIENTIFIC ISSUES
47 MAJOR CONCLUSIONS 1. Vostok Subglacial Highlands (VSH) are underlain by m.y. old sediments 2. The Antarctic Earth s Crust surrounding LV and VSH is mostly composed of Ancient ( & billion years) Terranes 3. Lake Vostok (LV) is a deep depression filled with thin depositional unit. The Lake Vostok Depression was formed during the time of Antarctic Glaciation (it is not older than 34 million years).
48 3608 m Lake Vostok sediments 1 mm Thank you!!!
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