The Rock Cycle & Plate Tectonics
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1 The Rock Cycle & Plate Tectonics
2 I. The Rock Cycle 1. Rocks are the most common material on Earth. 2. They are made up of one or more minerals.
3 A. The rock cycle explains how Earth processes change a rock from one type to another.
4 B. Rocks are grouped into three major families based on how they formed: igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic.
5 C. Rock collections are grouped on the basis of the size, shape, and arrangement of mineral grains. Granite
6 II. Types of Rocks A. Igneous Rocks- 1. Liquid magma moves upward through the layers of the Earth 2. As the magma loses heat, it cools and crystallizes into igneous rock.
7 3. If magma from a volcano cools on the Earth's surface it forms extrusive rock 4. If it cools deep under the Earth's surface, it forms intrusive rock. Intrusive igneous rocks form in magma chambers that are deep underground.
8 Ex: Igneous rocks contain feldspar, quartz, mica, and obsidian.
9 B. Sedimentary Rocks 1. Wind, rain, snow, and ice can break down and transport rocks exposed at the Earth s surface. 2. Deposition is the process in which material is laid down. 3. This material may then become lithified (turned into rock).
10 4. Sedimentary rocks are important because they may contain: 1. water for drinking 2. petroleum- a source of oil and gasoline 3. fossils of plants or animals Fine grained sandstone with fossil shell imprints - clear evidence that it's a sedimentary rock.
11 C. Metamorphic Rocks 1. Any rock can become a metamorphic rock. 2. Changes in the temperature and pressure conditions cause the minerals in the rock to change or undergo metamorphosis. GNEISS (metamorphic rock) Formed from: Quartz, feldspar, mica.
12 III. Continental Drift Theory 1. Proposed by Alfred Wegner in million years ago, all of the continents were combined into one supercontinent called Pangaea. 3. The continents gradually drifted apart to where they are today.
13 A. Evidence of Continental Drift 1. Fossils-Plant and animal fossils found on the coastlines of different continents.
14 2. Climate-Tropical plant remains (coal deposits) were found in Antarctica.
15 3. Puzzle-Continents look like they could be part of a giant puzzle.
16 IV. Plate tectonics A. Recycles rock materials and is the driving force of the rock cycle.
17 B. Plates in Motion- 1. The outermost layer of the Earth is called the lithosphere. 2. The outer layer of the lithosphere is called the crust. 3. The next layer is called the mantle.
18 4. Tectonic plates make up the crust of the Earth. 5. Continental plates are located across land. 6. Oceanic plates are under the ocean.
19 7. Convection currents in the mantle cause plate movements.
20 C. Plate Movements 1. When oceanic plates converge (come together) volcanoes or ocean trenches can form.
21 2. When continental plates converge, folded mountains form. (Ex: Himalayas, Appalachians, and the Alps)
22 3. When continental plates converge with oceanic plates it can form a volcanic mountain range and an ocean trench. (Ex: Marianas Trench or Cascades or Andes Mts.)
23 4. Transform Fault Boundary occurs when plates slide past each other. This causes earthquakes. (Ex: The San Andreas fault)
24 5. When continental plates diverge (move away) a rift valley is created. (Ex: East African Rift Valley)
25 D. Seafloor Spreading 1. Occurs where oceanic plates are diverging or moving away from one another. 2. Magma rises and spreads out, building new sea floor.
26 3. Younger is formed at the center, older rock is found further away. 4. Earthquakes and volcanoes are where sea floor spreading is occurring.
27
28
29 The deepest hole ever dug was the Russian Kola Superdeep Borehole. Started in 1970, the hole eventually reached a depth of 12.3 km. They eventually had to quit because temperatures became too hot.
30 Fun Facts! Q. This is the hardest natural substance found on Earth.
31 A. a diamond!
32 Q. This is the most common rock on Earth.
33 A. Basalt!
34 Q. These are the most popular gemstones.
35 A. Rubies!
36 Q. The biggest pure gold nugget ever found was found here in 1869 and weighed 156 pounds.
37 A. Australia!
38 Q. This was built between 1632 and 1654 in India and is made entirely out of marble.
39 A. The Taj Mahal!
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