1. In the diagram below, letters A and B represent locations near the edge of a continent.

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1 1. In the diagram below, letters A and B represent locations near the edge of a continent. A geologist who compares nonsedimentary rock samples from locations A and B would probably find that the samples from location A contain A) more granite B) more basalt C) more fossils D) the same minerals and fossils 2. The analysis of seismic data from an earthquake shows that some locations received both P-waves and S-waves, but other locations received only P-waves. What is the best inference that can be made from these observations? A) A zone of liquid rock exists within the Earth. B) Iron in some rocks prevents S-waves from traveling. C) Some seismographs are more sensitive than others. D) S-waves are very weak. 3. The observed difference in density between continental crust and oceanic crust is most likely due to differences in their A) composition B) thickness C) porosity D) rate of cooling

2 4. Base your answer to the following question on the cross section below and on your knowledge of Earth science. The cross section represents the distance and age of ocean-floor bedrock found on both sides of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. Which map best represents the pattern of magnetic polarity in the minerals of ocean-floor bedrock on each side of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge? A) B) C) D) 5. Which element is most abundant by mass in the Earth's crust? A) nitrogen B) oxygen C) silicon D) iron 6. Oxygen is the most abundant element by volume in the Earth's A) inner core B) troposphere C) hydrosphere D) crust

3 7. The graph below shows the different velocities of P-waves and S-waves through Earth's interior. Which cross section best shows the inferred thickness of Earth's interior layers that cause these different velocities? A) B) C) D) 8. Base your answer to the following question on the cross section below, which shows the paths of seismic waves traveling from an earthquake epicenter through the different layers of Earth's interior. No P-waves or S-waves are received in the shadow zone because A) P-waves are absorbed and S-waves are refracted by Earth's outer core B) P-waves are refracted and S-waves are absorbed by Earth's outer core C) both the P-waves and S-waves are refracted by Earth's outer core D) both the P-waves and S-waves are absorbed by Earth's outer core 9. The most abundant element in the Earth's crust is A) nitrogen B) oxygen C) silicon D) hydrogen

4 10. Compared to the oceanic crust, the continental crust is usually A) thicker, with a less dense granitic composition B) thicker, with a more dense basaltic composition C) thinner, with a less dense granitic composition D) thinner, with a more dense basaltic composition 11. Compared to the continental crust, the oceanic crust is A) thicker B) more dense C) more granitic D) more felsic Base your answers to questions 12 and 13 on the diagram below, which represents zones of Earth s interior, identified by letters A through E. The scale shows depths below Earth s surface, measured in kilometers. 12. The Moho is a boundary located in zone A) A B) B C) E D) D 13. What is the approximate thickness of zone C? A) 650 km B) 1600 km C) 2250 km D) 2900 km 14. The rock between 2,900 kilometers and 5,200 kilometers below the Earth's surface is inferred to be A) an iron-rich solid B) an iron-rich liquid C) a silicate-rich solid D) a silicate-rich liquid

5 Base your answers to questions 15 through 18 on the diagram below which represents three cross sections of the Earth at different locations to a depth of 50 kilometers below sea level. The measurements given with each cross section indicate the thickness and the density of the layers. 15. Which material is most likely to be found 20 kilometers below sea level at the continental mountain location? A) basalt B) granite C) shale D) limestone 16. Which statement about the Earth's mantle is confirmed by the diagram? A) The mantle is liquid. B) The mantle has the same composition as the crust. C) The mantle is located at different depths below the Earth's surface. D) The mantle does not exist under continental mountains. 17. Compared with the oceanic crust, the continental crust is A) thinner and less dense B) thinner and more dense C) thicker and less dense D) thicker and more dense 18. The division of the Earth's interior into crust and mantle, as shown in the diagram, is based primarily on the study of A) radioactive dating B) seismic waves C) volcanic eruptions D) gravity measurements 19. What are the two most abundant elements by mass found in Earth's crust? A) aluminum and iron B) sodium and chlorine C) calcium and carbon D) oxygen and silicon 20. Which minerals contain the two most abundant elements by mass in Earth s crust? A) fluorite and calcite B) magnetite and pyrite C) amphibole and quartz D) galena and sulfur

6 21. Earth s outer core is best inferred to be A) liquid, with an average density of approximately 4 g/cm 3 B) liquid, with an average density of approximately 11 g/cm 3 C) solid, with an average density of approximately 4 g/cm 3 D) solid, with an average density of approximately 11 g/cm In the Earth's interior, which zone has a temperature higher than its melting point? A) crust B) stiffer mantle C) inner core D) outer core 23. Base your answer to the following question on the map below which shows the locations of deep-sea core drilling sites numbered 1 through 4. The approximate location of the diverging plate at the East Pacific Ridge is shown by a dashed line. Point A is located on the East Pacific Ridge. Compared to the thickness and density of the continental crust of South America, the oceanic crust of the Pacific floor is A) thinner and less dense B) thinner and more dense C) thicker and less dense D) thicker and more dense 24. Beneath which surface location is Earth's crust the thinnest? A) East Pacific Ridge B) the center of South America C) Old Forge, New York D) San Andreas Fault

7 25. Base your answer to the following question on the map below. The map shows the continents of Africa and South America, the ocean between them, and the ocean ridge and transform faults. Locations A and D are on the continents. Locations B and C are on the ocean floor. Which table best shows the relative densities of the crustal bedrock at locations A, B, C, and D? A) B) C) D) 26. Which element is most abundant in Earth's crust? A) nitrogen B) hydrogen C) oxygen D) silicon 27. Which part of the Earth is most likely a liquid zone? A) inner core B) outer core C) mantle D) crust

8 28. On the map below, locations A and B are reference points on the Earth's surface. Crustal thickness was measured beneath a line from A to B. Which graph best represents the thickness of the Earth's crust from location A to location B? A) B) C) D) 29. How does the oceanic crust compare to the continental crust? A) The oceanic crust is thinner and contains less basalt. B) The oceanic crust is thinner and contains more basalt. C) The oceanic crust is thicker and contains less basalt. D) The oceanic crust is thicker and contains more basalt. 30. Compared to the continental crust, the oceanic crust is A) less dense and less felsic B) less dense and less mafic C) more dense and more felsic D) more dense and more mafic 31. The rock between 2,900 kilometers and 5,200 kilometers below the Earth's surface is inferred to be A) an iron-rich solid B) an iron-rich liquid C) a silicate-rich solid D) a silicate-rich liquid 32. The fact that S-waves are unable to travel through the Earth's outer core supports the inference that the outer core is A) composed of iron and nickel B) more dense than the inner core C) hotter than the rock's melting point D) in the solid state of matter 33. Which two elements make up the greatest volume of the Earth's crust? A) silicon and potassium B) silicon and iron C) iron and nickel D) oxygen and potassium 34. What are the four most abundant elements, by volume, in the Earth's crust? A) oxygen, potassium, sodium, and calcium B) hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and potassium C) aluminum, iron, silicon, and magnesium D) aluminum, calcium, hydrogen, and iron 35. Where has the process of nuclear fusion been occurring for over four billion years? A) in Earth's inner core B) on the surface of the Moon C) at lithospheric plate boundaries D) in the Sun's interior

9 36. The diagram below represents a cross section of a portion of the Earth's crust. 41. Which two elements listed below are most abundant by weight in the Earth's crust? A) silicon and oxygen B) hydrogen and iron C) oxygen and magnesium D) hydrogen and calcium 42. A model of Earth's internal structure is shown below. Which statement about the Earth's crust is best supported by the diagram? A) The oceanic crust is thicker than the mantle. B) The continental crust is thicker than the oceanic crust. C) The continental crust is composed primarily of sedimentary rock. D) The crust is composed of denser rock than the mantle is. 37. Which part of Earth s interior is inferred to have convection currents that cause tectonic plates to move? A) rigid mantle B) asthenosphere C) outer core D) inner core 38. Compared to Earth s continental crust, Earth s oceanic crust is A) thinner and more dense B) thinner and less dense C) thicker and more dense D) thicker and less dense 39. Which two Earth layers are separated by the Moho boundary? A) rigid mantle and plastic mantle B) outer core and stiffer mantle C) stiffer mantle and asthenosphere D) crust and rigid mantle 40. Which group of elements is listed in increasing order based on the percent by mass in Earth s crust? A) aluminum, iron, calcium B) aluminum, silicon, magnesium C) magnesium, iron, aluminum D) magnesium, silicon, calcium Analysis of which type of data led to the development of this model? A) seismic waves B) depth of Earth's oceans C) electromagnetic radiation D) isobar gradients 43. The basaltic bedrock of the oceanic crust is classified as A) felsic, with a density of 2.7 g/cm 3 B) felsic, with a density of 3.0 g/cm 3 C) mafic, with a density of 2.7 g/cm 3 D) mafic, with a density of 3.0 g/cm Where is the thickest part of the Earth's crust? A) at the edge of continental shelves B) at mid-ocean ridges C) under continental mountain ranges D) under volcanic islands

10 45. The pie graph below represents the composition, in percent by mass, of the chemical elements found in an Earth layer. The composition of which Earth layer is represented by the pie graph? A) crust B) outer core C) troposphere D) hydrosphere 46. Compared to Earth's oceanic crust, Earth's continental crust is A) thinner and composed of granite B) thinner and composed of basalt C) thicker and composed of granite D) thicker and composed of basalt 47. Seismic studies of the Moon have helped scientists to make inferences about A) water erosion on the Moon B) weathering on the Moon's surface C) radioactivity of the Moon's surface rocks D) the Moon's interior 48. Compared to continental crust, oceanic crust is A) less dense, more mafic, and thinner B) less dense, more felsic, and thicker C) more dense, more mafic, and thinner D) more dense, more felsic, and thicker 49. Most of the oceanic crust is composed of rock material similar to A) basalt B) granite C) sandstone D) limestone

11 50. Base your answer to the following question on the cross section below, which shows a portion of Earth s crust and upper mantle near a mid-ocean ridge. If crust 2 represents basalt with normal magnetic polarity, what does crust 3 most likely represent? A) igneous rock with normal magnetic polarity B) igneous rock with reversed magnetic polarity C) sedimentary rock with normal magnetic polarity D) sedimentary rock with reversed magnetic polarity 51. To get sample material from the mantle, drilling will be done through the oceanic crust rather than through the continental crust because oceanic crust is A) more dense than continental crust B) softer than continental crust C) thinner than continental crust D) younger than continental crust 52. Compared to the continental crust of central North America, the oceanic crust of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge is A) younger B) thicker C) less dense D) more felsic 53. The most abundant metallic element by mass in Earth's crust makes up 8.23% of the crust. Which group of minerals all normally contain this metallic element in their compositions? A) garnet, calcite, pyrite, and galena B) biotite mica, muscovite mica, fluorite, and halite C) talc, quartz, graphite, and olivine D) plagioclase feldspar, amphibole, pyroxene, and potassium feldspar

12 54. Base your answer to the following question on the diagram below, which shows a cutaway view of Earth in which the interior layers are visible. The paths of earthquake waves generated at point X are shown. A, B, C, and D are locations of seismic stations on Earth's surface, and point E is located in Earth's interior. 57. What is the approximate percentage by volume of oxygen in the crust of the Earth? A) 20% B) 30% C) 70% D) 90% Both P-waves and S-waves were received at seismic stations A and B, but only P-waves were received at seismic stations C and D. Which statement best explains why this occurred? A) S-waves are much weaker than P-waves. B) S-waves travel faster than P-waves. C) The liquid outer core prevents S-waves from traveling to seismic stations C and D. D) The solid outer core prevents S-waves from traveling to seismic stations C and D. 55. Where is the thickest part of the Earth's crust? A) at mid-ocean ridges B) at transform faults C) under continental mountain ranges D) under volcanic islands 56. Which mineral is most frequently found in both granitic continental crust and basaltic oceanic crust? A) olivine B) potassium feldspar C) plagioclase feldspar D) quartz

13 58. Base your answer to the following question on the map below, which shows seismic stations X, Y, and Z that have recorded seismic waves from the same earthquake. The distances from seismic stations X and Y to the earthquake epicenter have been drawn on the map. Locations A, B, C, and D represent possible earthquake epicenters. The distance from seismic station Z to the earthquake epicenter has been deliberately omitted. If the earthquake's focus was 2 kilometers below Earth's surface, the earthquake occurred in the A) lithosphere B) asthenosphere C) stiffer mantle D) outer core 59. The interior of Earth between a depth of 5200 kilometers and 6300 kilometers is inferred to be composed mostly of A) silicon and iron B) silicon and oxygen C) iron and lead D) iron and nickel 60. From the top of the stiffer mantle to the center of Earth, the rock material is inferred to be A) solid all the way to the center of the inner core B) solid, then liquid to the center of the inner core C) solid, then liquid, then solid again to the center of the inner core D) solid, then liquid, then gaseous to the center of the inner core

14 61. The interface between the crust and mantle of the Earth is generally much deeper under continental surfaces than under ocean surfaces. This information indicates that A) the interface varies in an unpredictable manner B) oceanic crust is thicker than continental crust C) continental crust is thicker than oceanic crust D) both oceanic and continental crusts are approximately the same thickness 62. Base your answer to the following question on the cross section below, which shows the boundary between two lithospheric plates. Point X is a location in the continental lithosphere. The depth below Earth's surface is labeled in kilometers. Compared to the continental crust, the oceanic crust is A) less dense and thinner B) less dense and thicker C) more dense and thinner D) more dense and thicker 63. Why is Earth s outer core inferred to be a liquid? A) P-waves can pass through the outer core. B) P-waves cannot pass through the outer core. C) S-waves can pass through the outer core. D) S-waves cannot pass through the outer core. 64. Which statement most accurately compares Earth s crust and Earth s mantle? A) The crust is thinner and less dense than the mantle. B) The crust is thinner and more dense than the mantle. C) The crust is thicker and less dense than the mantle. D) The crust is thicker and more dense than the mantle.

15 65. Base your answer to the following question on the diagram of Earth shown below. Letters B, C, and D represent layers of Earth. Letter Q represents a location on Earth's surface. Which letter best represents Earth's mantle? A) Q B) B C) C D) D 66. The two most abundant elements by mass in Earth s crust are oxygen and A) potassium B) hydrogen C) nitrogen D) silicon Base your answers to questions 67 and 68 on the diagram below which represents Earth's interior zones. 68. Scientists have classified Earth's interior into the zones shown based primarily on evidence gained by studying A) deep drill cores B) volcanic eruptions C) gravity measurements D) earthquake seismic waves 69. Which element in the Earth's crust makes up the largest volume of most minerals? A) oxygen B) nitrogen C) hydrogen D) iron 67. The thinnest section of Earth's crust is found beneath A) oceans B) desert regions C) coastal plains D) mountain regions