Earthquake Risk in Canada and the National Building Code
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1 Earthquake Risk in Canada and the National Building Code Tuna Onur, Ph.D. Onur Seemann Consulting, Inc. NICC, Vancouver, BC, September 2016
2 Southwestern Canada: Cascadia Subduction Zone + Crustal Faults Vancouver Island LRF Victoria, BC Bellingham, WA DMF Seattle, WA Source: Geoscape Victoria, GSC Miscellaneous Report M41-8/74F, Source: USGS Professional Paper 1643 Tuna Onur, Sep. 2016
3 Southeastern Canada: Not near a plate boundary, BUT M7 Charlevoix Earthquake Damage in Quebec City & Montreal 1732 M5.8 Montreal Earthquake Considerable damage in Montreal ~300 buildings damaged, ~185 dwellings destroyed by fire following the earthquake 1925 M6.2 Charlevoix Earthquake Damage in Quebec City, including port facilities 1988 M5.9 Saguenay Earthquake Damage in Quebec City and Montreal-East Tuna Onur, Sep. 2016
4 Magnitude 6.2 in Eastern Canada Magnitude 7.3 in Western Canada Tuna Onur, Sep. 2016
5 What is the probability of Vancouver experiencing structurally damaging ground shaking in the next 50 years? ~15% in 50 years Tuna Onur, Sep. 2016
6 Near-Surface Geology and Relative Amplification of Ground Shaking Source: Turner et al. (1996). Geoscape Vancouver. Geological Survey of Canada Open File Tuna Onur, Sep. 2016
7 Photo Credit: skylinesair.com Built Environment and Vulnerability of Structures
8 Building Characteristics What is it made of and lateral load bearing system? Concrete shear-wall, wood frame, etc. How tall? How old? Stiffness irregularities? Strength Ductility Natural Period (or Frequency) of Vibration Load Y U Plastic Deformation Elastic Deformation Deformation Tuna Onur, Sep. 2016
9 Other Risk Modeling Considerations: 1. Liquefaction 2. Earthquake triggered landslides 3. Fire following earthquake 4. Tsunamis 5. Damage to non-structural elements 6. Damage to contents 7. Time-element losses such as business interruption 8. Non-modeled losses Beyond Property Risk: 1. Humanitarian: a. Casualties b. Safety & security 2. Infrastructure: a. Transportation b. Communication c. Water d. Sewer e. Power Tuna Onur, Sep. 2016
10 National Building Code (NBC) is a model building code, issued by the National Research Council of Canada It can only be enforced if/when provinces adopt it (with or without modifications or supplementary requirements) Enforced at the local level Latest edition: 2015 Tuna Onur, Sep. 2016
11 Part 4 Structural Design (Explicit Seismic Provisions) All buildings that do not fall into Part 9 Part 9 Housing & Small Buildings (Prescriptive Requirements) 3 storeys or lower & footprint area < 600 m 2 Primary Objective: Minimize Loss of Life by Way of Preventing Building Collapse Tuna Onur, Sep. 2016
12 U Load Y Explicit aim of the NBC 2015 s seismic provisions: collapse prevention Deformation Tuna Onur, Sep. 2016
13 U Load Y NBC2020: TWO (OR MORE) PERFORMANCE CRITERIA? 1. Collapse Prevention 2. Remain Elastic? (Others?) Deformation Tuna Onur, Sep. 2016
14 Source: Onur (2001) Tuna Onur, Sep. 2016
15 Single-family Wood-frame Construction in Canada Horizontal boards from concrete foundation formwork as first-storey walls: Common practice until 2012 Many not anchored to their foundations Photos courtesy of World Housing Encyclopedia and Dr. G. Taylor
16 Multi-family Wood-frame Construction in Canada Multi-family apartment buildings that are 3 storeys or lower and have footprint area less than 600 m 2 Tuck-under parking on the ground floor Photos: T. Onur, 2011
17 1994 Northridge Earthquake
18 1989 Loma Prieta Earthquake
19 1989 Loma Prieta Earthquake
20 Concrete High-rise Construction in Canada Coupled shear walls Pioneered by engineers in New Zealand; particularly common in western Canada Significant proportion of high-rises in Vancouver Superior performance when detailed properly Older non-ductile concrete buildings pose risk to property and life
21 Photo Credit: AP 2011 Christchurch Earthquake
22 2011 Christchurch Earthquake
23 Unreinforced Masonry Construction in Canada In the west, particularly prevalent in downtown Victoria, but also found in older parts of Vancouver Prevalent in most major cities in the east, particularly in Montreal, Quebec City, Ottawa Photos: T. Onur, 2011
24 2011 Christchurch Earthquake
25 Questions? Comments?
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