Earth models and primordial heat... and geonu emission from deep mantle piles
|
|
- Patrick Williams
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Earth models and primordial heat... and geonu emission from deep mantle piles Ondřej Šrámek University of Maryland Collaborators: Bill McDonough & Vedran Lekić (Univ. Maryland) Edwin Kite (Caltech) Steve Dye (Hawaii Pacific Univ.) Shijie Zhong (Univ. Colorado at Boulder) presented at Neutrino Geoscience 13, Takayama (Japan), March 13
2 Present-day Earth Present-day dynamics Quantify major energy terms Earth s bulk composition Spatial distribution of radioactivity Geoneutrino constraints?????? U Th K
3 Solar System formation time Present-day Earth Building blocks Solar nebula Planetary formation Early differentiation processes First few 1 My Core formation Magma ocean Ongoing dynamic evolution Chemical fractionation vs. homogenization Crust formation Subduction Mantle, core dynamics
4 Planetary formation Solar nebula composition Big Bang (H, He, Li) + stellar (higher Z) nucleosynthesis Compositional gradients, heterogeneity in the cooling solar nebula? Condensation temperature, volatility U & Th refractory, K moderately volatile
5 Planetary formation Last stage of planetary formation. Outcome of 4 simulations planet position, radius, composition in terms of original heliocentric distance of material. Chambers, EPSL 11 color = original radial location of material Some memory of compositional gradient in the nebula
6 Planetary formation Solar nebula composition Big Bang (H, He, Li) + stellar (higher Z) nucleosynthesis Compositional gradients, heterogeneity in the cooling solar nebula? Condensation temperature, volatility U & Th refractory, K moderately volatile Dust & gas to grains to planetesimals Planetesimals to planetary embryos ~1 My Last stage ~1 My Giant impacts Planet radial migration
7 The Grand Tack Scenario Walsh et al. 11 Inward-then-outward migration of Jupiter, Saturn Jupiter formed at ~3.5 AU Spiraled inward to ~1.5 AU (presentday Mars orbit) due to gas drag Then migrated outward to current location at 5.2 AU Saturn experienced a similar sequence Can explain the small size of Mars Consistent with the existence of asteroidal belt May have rid the inner Solar System of volatiles
8 Planetary formation Solar nebula composition Big Bang (H, He, Li) + stellar (higher Z) nucleosynthesis Compositional gradients, heterogeneity in the cooling solar nebula? Condensation temperature, volatility U & Th refractory, K moderately volatile Dust & gas to grains to planetesimals Planetesimals to planetary embryos ~1 My Last stage ~1 My Giant impacts Planet radial migration Hot beginning Gravitational energy released upon accretion, differentiation Extensive melting, magma ocean(s) Incompatibility, solid vs. melt partitioning U, Th, K incompatible, enter the melt
9 Gravitational energy of accretion forming a homogeneous body E g =4 Z R g(r) (r)r 3 dr dispersed in space planet Eacr = GM 2 /R Earth: ΔTacr = GM 2 /R / (MCP) ~ K of differentiation forming the core ΔTdiff ~ K undifferentiated differentiated
10 Loosing primordial heat Mantle cooling rate petrological constraint based on inference of melting temperature of primitive mantle melts Abbott et al. JGR 1994 inferred cooling rate of 5 ± 25 K/Gy translates into 8 ± 4 TW mantle heat output due to cooling
11 Giant impacts, Moon formation, magma ocean From Hf W chronology (Kleine et al. GCA 9): Core formation at ~ 1 My after beginning of Solar System Moon formation Deep magma ocean (metal silicate equilibration at >4 km depth; Wood et al. Nature 6) Siderophile elements go in the core Core formation major chemical differentiation event Lithophile elements go in the silicate phase: negligible in U, Th, K in the core Makes sense to talk about Silicate Earth
12 U Th K Composition of Silicate Earth (BSE) Geochemical estimate Cosmochemical estimate Geodynamical estimate
13 Composition of CI chondrites matches solar photospheric abundances in refractory lithophile, siderophile, and volatile elements. Most primitive, highest volatile abundance of chondrites Best representative of primordial nebular material Wood Phys.Today 11
14 Geochemical BSE estimate(s) Ratios of Refractory Lithophile Element abundances constrained by CI chondrites Absolute RLE abundances and non-refractory element abundances inferred from available mantle & crustal rock samples Uses petrological models on peridotite xenoliths, massif peridotites, primitive melts McDonough & Sun (1995)... ± 4 ppb U Allègre (1995) ppb U Hart & Zindler (1986)....8 ppb U Palme & O Neill (3) ± 3 ppb U Results in ~ TW radiogenic power in BSE
15 Cosmochemical BSE estimate Isotopic similarity between Earth rocks and enstatite chondrides Similarity in oxidation state Build the Earth from E-chondrite material Fri AM: Claude Jaupart Javoy et al. EPSL ppb U Gives ~11 TW radiogenic power in BSE Also collisional erosion model (O Neill & Palme 8) Earth formed with geochemical abundances (22 ppm U in BSE) Differentiated early crust (enriched in U, Th, K) This crust was lost during a giant impact collision 1 ppm U in BSE
16 Geodynamical BSE estimate Based on energetics of mantle convection Parameterized convection models: heat loss = radiogenic heating + secular cooling Classical scaling between Qs (Nusselt number) and vigor of convection (Rayleigh number) Q s (t) =H rad (t) C Nu / Ra(T ) 1/3 dt (t) dt Need a large proportion of radiogenic heating to account for mantle heat flow, otherwise thermal catastrophe in the Archean Requires mantle Urey.6 (geochemical =.3, cosmochemical =.1) Therefore needs higher abundance of U, Th, K Radiogenic heating TW in BSE Thu PM: John Crowley
17 U Th K Composition of Silicate Earth (BSE) Geochemical estimate Ratios of RLE abundances constrained by C1 chondrites Absolute abundances inferred from Earth rock samples McDonough & Sun (1995), Allègre (1995), Hart & Zindler (1986), Palme & O Neill (3), Arevalo et al. (9) Cosmochemical estimate Isotopic similarity between Earth rocks and E-chondrides Build the Earth from E-chondrite material Javoy et al. (1) also collisional erosion models (O Neill & Palme 8) TW radiogenic power BSE Mantle ±4 11±2 12±4 3±2 Geodynamical estimate Based on a classical parameterized convection model Requires a high mantle Urey ratio, i.e., high U, Th, K 33±3 25±3 CRUST2. thickness BSE = Mantle + Crust Oceanic:.22 ±.3 TW Continental: 7.8 ±.9 TW Tomorrow: New crustal model by Yu Huang et al. CC = 6.8 (+1.4/-1.1) TW?
18 How is radioactivity distributed in the mantle?? Educated hypothesis Geoneutrino flux prediction Testing with geoneutrino measurement
19 Mantle geoneutrino emission Uniform mantle Mantle geoneutrino U+Th signal prediction (r) = n Z hp i 4 A(r ) (r ) r r 2 dr Flux Φ at position r from a given radionuclide distributed with abundance A in volume Ω 25 "UNIF" mantle TNU Cosmochemical Geochemical Geodynamical
20 Shallow mantle composition Mid-Oceanic Ridge Basalt composition source rock abundances in shallow mantle? MORB-source mantle abundance estimates Workman & Hart (5) 2.8 ±.4 Salters & Stracke (4) Arevalo & McDonough (1) 4.1 ± ± 1.5 TW if occupying entire mantle Bulk mantle (=BSE Crust) Cosmochemical Geochemical Geodynamical 3.3 ± ± 4 25 ± 3 TW Require enriched material in the mantle
21 Mantle geoneutrino emission Spherically symmetric U & Th distribution in the mantle Uniform mantle Mantle geoneutrino U+Th signal prediction Enriched layer (1% of mantle) TNU "UNIF" mantle "EL" with A&McD DM "EL" with S&S DM "EL" with W&H DM 1 5 N/A Cosmochemical Geochemical Geodynamical
22 Mantle geoneutrino emission Spherically symmetrical U & Th distribution in the mantle Uniform mantle Mantle geoneutrino U+Th signal prediction Enriched layer (1% of mantle) TNU "UNIF" mantle "EL" with A&McD DM "EL" with S&S DM "EL" with W&H DM Measurements Combined analysis of detection at KamLAND and Borexino (Bellini et al. arxiv: ) 5 N/A Cosmochemical Geochemical Geodynamical + new KamLAND data??
23 Seismic tomography image of present-day mantle Seismic shear wave speed anomaly Tomographic model SRTS (Ritsema et al.) Two large scale seismic speed anomalies below Africa and below central Pacific Anti-correlation of shear and sound wavespeeds + sharp velocity gradients suggest a compositional component piles or LLSVPs or superplumes Candidate for an distinct chemical reservoir Bull et al. EPSL 9 Sat AM: Ed Garnero
24 Origin of deep mantle reservoir Continuously recycled subducted slabs buried at core mantle boundary? Next talk: Dapeng Zhao Remnant of dense basal magma ocean at the bottom of the mantle? Boyet & Carlson EPSL 6 Early differentiation Fri AM: of primordial Sujoy Mukhopadhyay mantle? Sat AM: Matt Jackson Labrosse et al. EPSL 6
25 Thermochemical piles in deep mantle? LLSVPs Assume these piles represent an enriched reservoir. δlnvs isocontours shape Mantle geoneutrino U+Th signal prediction Pyhasalmi TNU 1.5 Gran Sasso Baksan Kamioka Homestake Sudbury 1. Hawaii Can we detect such variation in mantle geonu flux? O.Š., McDonough, Kite, Lekić, Dye, Zhong, EPSL 13
26 Crust + Mantle geoneutrino emission 15 Crustgeoneutrino + mantle signal Crust+mantle Crust+mantle geoneutrino signal Geochemical BSE To constrain mantle U,DMwe A&McD Mantle / Total Th, need to measure in the ocean. % TNU TNU Site #1 Mantle Mantle / Total Mantle / Total contribution to A&McD DM total signal Site #1 4 Site #2 Site #2 Site #1 Longitude = 161 W geodynamical Site #1 Longitude =locations: 161 Mantle, W Crust Continental not more Mantle, geodynamical Crust A&McD DM S&S DMDM than ~25% A&McD W&H DM S&S DM from mantle W&H Site #2 DM of geonu signal coming O.Š., McDonough, Kite, Lekić, Dye, Zhong, EPSL 13 TNU Site #1 Longitude = 161 W Mantle, geodynamical Crust 8 7 A&McD DM S&S DM W&H DM Site #2 Mantle, geochemical Mantle, cosmochemical 9 6 Mantle geoneutrino signal thermochemical piles Pyhasalmi TNU 1.5 Gran Sasso Homestake Baksan Kamioka Hawaii Sudbury Latitude in degrees Site #2 Prediction along 161 W meridian 35 % Site #1 Site #2 15 % 4 Hanohano (proposed) Geochemical BSE A&McD DM BSE Geochemical
27 TNU 25 Crust+mantle geoneutrino signal Geochemical BSE Mantle contribution signal A&McD DM Mantle / Total to total 35 % Geochemical BSE A&McD DM Mantle / Total Site #1 5 % Site #2 central value 24 +/ 1σ 16 A&McD DM central value S&S DM +/ 1σ W&H DM A&McD DM S&S DM W&H DM 12 8 not resolved Prediction along 161 W meridian Site # Site #1 Longitude = 161 W Mantle, geodynamical Crust Mantle, geochemical A&McD DM S&S DM W&H DM Site #2 5 TNU 1 Mantle, cosmochemical Mantle, geochemical Latitude in degrees 5 9 Mantle, cosmochemical 6 6 Latitude in degrees O.Š., McDonough, Kite, Lekić, Dye, Zhong, EPSL 13 9 r e ffe di c en r s ile p le le t b n va ma Geodynamical p ol s ee Reel d es il ep m ntl a O M resolved! p m Geodynamical TO ee d l Geochemicalode m O M TO detection uncertainty Predicted event(crustal, rate at site reactor, #1 in TNU other bg) Cosmochemical Cosmo chemical Predicted event rate at site #1 in TNU 1 kiloton detector (Hanohano) uniform mantle uniform mantle Site #2 A&McD DM S&S DM W&H DM DetectorDetector size in 1 size free in 1 protons free protons 4 e l ab v ol ffe di Geochemical Cosmochemical Site #1 Site #1 Longitude = 161 W Mantle, geodynamical Crust s Re e c en od 5 35 Sp Sp he he ric ric al al ly ly sy sy m m m m et et ric ric m m an an tle tle 55 not resolvable not resolvable Proposed two-site measurement in the Pacific TNU Predicted Predicted event rate event at site rate#2atinsite TNU #2 in TNU Crust+mantle geoneutrino signal 1 kiloton detector (Hanohano) 1 kiloton detector Geochemical Geodynamical detector 28 1 kiloton Cosmo Mean event rate in TNU chemical Geochemical Geodynamical live time in months
28 Summary Process of planetary formation Hot beginning of the Earth Early differentiation events core formation early fractionation of silicate Earth? Three classes of BSE compositional models [ Enstatite chondrite model inconsistent with geonu measurements (1σ)? ] Ocean site measurement needed to significantly constrain mantle radioactivity. Multiple-site to resolve lateral variations.
Global models of Earth s composition and geoneutrino flux around Jinping
Global models of Earth s composition and geoneutrino flux around Jinping Ondřej Šrámek Charles University in Prague Department of Geophysics ondrej.sramek@gmail.com www.ondrejsramek.net Collaboration with
More informationModels of the Earth: thermal evolution and Geoneutrino studies
Models of the Earth: thermal evolution and Geoneutrino studies Bill McDonough, Yu Huang and Ondřej Šrámek Geology, U Maryland Steve Dye, Natural Science, Hawaii Pacific U and Physics, U Hawaii Shijie Zhong,
More informationNeutrino Geoscience a brief history
Neutrino Geoscience a brief history 1930 Pauli invokes the neutrino 1956 Reines & Cowan detect νe 1984 Krauss et al develop the map 2003 KamLAND shows νe oscillate 2005 KamLAND detects first geonus 2010
More informationComposition and the Early History of the Earth
Composition and the Early History of the Earth Sujoy Mukhopadhyay CIDER 2006 What we will cover in this lecture Composition of Earth Short lived nuclides and differentiation of the Earth Atmosphere and
More informationarxiv: v2 [physics.geo-ph] 18 Oct 2012
Geophysical and geochemical constraints on geoneutrino fluxes from Earth s mantle arxiv:1207.0853v2 [physics.geo-ph] 18 Oct 2012 Ondřej Šrámeka,, William F. McDonough a, Edwin S. Kite b, Vedran Lekić a,
More informationRevealing the Earth s mantle from the tallest mountains using the Jinping Neutrino Experiment
www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN ecei e : 01 u 016 accepte : 18 u ust 016 Pu is e : 0 eptem er 016 Revealing the Earth s mantle from the tallest mountains using the Jinping Neutrino Experiment Ondřej
More informationComposition of bulk silicate Earth and global geodynamics
Composition of bulk silicate Earth and global geodynamics Jun Korenaga Department of Geology and Geophysics Yale University March 23, 2007 @ Hawaii Geoneutrino Workshop Overview Motivation: Thermal evolution
More informationEarth and Planetary Science Letters
Earth and Planetary Science Letters 361 (13) 356 366 Contents lists available at SciVerse ScienceDirect Earth and Planetary Science Letters journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/epsl Geophysical and
More informationUSING NEUTRINOS TO STUDY THE EARTH. Nikolai Tolich University of Washington
USING NEUTRINOS TO STUDY THE EARTH Nikolai Tolich University of Washington Outline Introduction Recent results The future Structure of the Earth Seismic data splits Earth into 5 basic regions: inner core,
More informationIsotopic record of the atmosphere and hydrosphere
Isotopic record of the atmosphere and hydrosphere W. F. McDonough 1 1 Department of Earth Sciences and Research Center for Neutrino Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan (Dated: March 7, 2018)
More informationCosmic Building Blocks: From What is Earth Made?
Cosmic Building Blocks: From What is Earth Made? The Sun constitutes 99.87% of the mass of the Solar system. Earth is big and important, so its composition should be similar to that of the average Solar
More informationSUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION
doi:10.1038/nature10326 Supplementary Discussion All known modern terrestrial mantle reservoirs evolved from a primitive precursor with superchondritic 143 Nd/ 144 Nd. What is this reservoir? The terms
More informationRemote Sensing of the Earth s Interior
Remote Sensing of the Earth s Interior Earth s interior is largely inaccessible Origin and Layering of the Earth: Geochemical Perspectives Composition of Earth cannot be understood in isolation Sun and
More informationPerspectives for geoneutrinos after KamLAND results
Neutrino Geophysics Honolulu December 14-16, 2005 Fabio Mantovani Sienna University - Italy Perspectives for geoneutrinos after KamLAND results Predictions of of the Reference Model and its uncertainties
More informationNature and origin of what s in the deep mantle
Nature and origin of what s in the deep mantle S. Labrosse 1, B. Bourdon 1, R. Nomura 2, K. Hirose 2 1 École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Universtité Claude Bernard Lyon-1 2 Earth-Life Science Institute,
More informationLower Mantle Structure & Geo-neutrinos
Lower Mantle Structure & Geo-neutrinos Geo-neutrino working group meeting, KITP July 1 st, 2014 Vedran Lekic University of Maryland, College Park + Sanne Cottaar (Cambridge) + Edwin Kite (Princeton / U
More informationPossible reservoirs of radioactivity in the deep mantle. Ed Garnero School of Earth and Space Exploration Arizona State University
Possible reservoirs of radioactivity in the deep mantle Ed Garnero School of Earth and Space Exploration Arizona State University Outline Brief overview: motivation for investigating interiors; how seismology
More informationDifferentiation 1: core formation OUTLINE
Differentiation 1: core formation Reading this week: White Ch 12 OUTLINE Today 1.Finish some slides 2.Layers 3.Core formation 1 Goldschmidt Classification/Geochemical Periodic Chart Elements can be assigned
More informationEarly Mantle Dynamics seen by the Isotope Signature of Archean Samples
Early Mantle Dynamics seen by the Isotope Signature of Archean Samples Maud Boyet Laboratoire Magmas et Volcans, Université Blaise Pascal, Clermont-Ferrand In collaboration with Rick Carlson, Mary Horan,
More informationFormation of the Earth and Solar System
Formation of the Earth and Solar System a. Supernova and formation of primordial dust cloud. NEBULAR HYPOTHESIS b. Condensation of primordial dust. Forms disk-shaped nubular cloud rotating counterclockwise.
More informationRadioactivity. Lecture 11 The radioactive Earth
Radioactivity Lecture 11 The radioactive Earth The Violent Beginning Most of the planet s radioactivity was generated in neutron driven nucleosynthesis processes in previous star generations and implemented
More informationLecture 31. Planetary Accretion the raw materials and the final compositions
Lecture 31 Planetary Accretion the raw materials and the final compositions Reading this week: White Ch 11 (sections 11.1-11.4) Today 1. Boundary conditions for Planetary Accretion Growth and Differentiation
More informationRadioactivity. Lecture 11 The radioactive Earth
Radioactivity Lecture 11 The radioactive Earth The Violent Beginning Most of the planet s radioactivity was generated in neutron driven nucleosynthesis processes in previous star generations and implemented
More informationRadiogenic Isotope Systematics and Noble Gases. Sujoy Mukhopadhyay CIDER 2006
Radiogenic Isotope Systematics and Noble Gases Sujoy Mukhopadhyay CIDER 2006 What I will not cover.. U-Th-Pb sytematics 206 Pb 204 Pb 207 Pb 204 Pb 208 Pb 204 Pb = t = t = t 206 Pb 204 Pb 207 Pb 204 Pb
More informationWhat can isotopes tell us about mantle dynamics? Sujoy Mukhopadhyay. Harvard University
What can isotopes tell us about mantle dynamics? Sujoy Mukhopadhyay Harvard University The mantle zoo Hofmann, 1997 187 Os/ 188 Os 0.168 0.156 0.144 0.132 EM1 Hawaii Pitcairn DMM peridotites Shield Basalts
More informationPlanetary Formation OUTLINE
Planetary Formation Reading this week: White p474-490 OUTLINE Today 1.Accretion 2.Planetary composition 1 11/1/17 Building Earth 2 things are important: Accretion means the assembly of Earth from smaller
More informationComposition of the Earth and its reservoirs: Geochemical observables
Composition of the Earth and its reservoirs: Geochemical observables Cin-Ty A. Lee Rice University MYRES-I 2004 The Earth is dynamic and heterogeneous Atmosphere Midocean Ridge Plume Ocean Crust Oceanic
More informationResults on geoneutrinos at Borexino experiment. Heavy Quarks and Leptons Yamagata Davide Basilico
Results on geoneutrinos at Borexino experiment Heavy Quarks and Leptons 2018 - Yamagata Davide Basilico Outline 1. Geoneutrinos 2. Borexino 3. Analysis and results 2 What are geoneutrinos? Distribution
More informationDifferentiation 2: mantle, crust OUTLINE
Differentiation 2: mantle, crust OUTLINE Reading this week: Should have been White Ch 10 and 11!! 7- Nov Differentiation of the Earth, Core formation W 10.6.6, 11.4 9- Nov Moon, crust, mantle, atmosphere
More informationVolatiles in the terrestrial planets. Sujoy Mukhopadhyay University of California, Davis CIDER, 2014
Volatiles in the terrestrial planets Sujoy Mukhopadhyay University of California, Davis CIDER, 2014 Atmophiles: Elements I will talk about rock-loving iron-loving sulfur-loving Temperatures in Protoplanetary
More informationWhat can noble gases really say about mantle. 2) Extent of mantle degassing
What can noble gases really say about mantle convection and the deep Earth volatile cycles? 1) Constraints on mass flow 1) Constraints on mass flow 2) Extent of mantle degassing Outline: -Noble gas geochemistry
More informationThermal and compositional structure of the Mantle and Lithosphere
Chapter 1 Thermal and compositional structure of the Mantle and Lithosphere 1.1 Primordial heat of the Earth The most widely accepted planetary formation theory says that the solar system accreted from
More information2/24/2014. Early Earth (Hadean) Early Earth. Terms. Chondrule Chondrite Hadean Big Bang Nucleosynthesis Fusion Supernova
Early (Hadean) Early Terms Chondrule Chondrite Hadean Big Bang Nucleosynthesis Fusion Supernova Hadean Time Nucleosynthesis The elements H, He, and traces of Li were formed in the original Big Bang. Latest
More informationA reference Earth model for the heat-producing elements and associated geoneutrino flux
Article Volume 14, Number XX XX Month 2013 doi:10.1002/ggge.20129 ISSN: 1525-2027 A reference Earth model for the heat-producing elements and associated geoneutrino flux Yu Huang Department of Geology,
More informationMajor and trace element composition of the high
Article Volume 14, Number 8 22 August 2013 doi: ISSN: 1525-2027 Major and trace element composition of the high 3 He/ 4 He mantle: Implications for the composition of a nonchonditic Earth Matthew G. Jackson
More informationhttp://eps.mcgill.ca/~courses/c201_winter/ http://eps.mcgill.ca/~courses/c201_winter/ Neutron Proton Nucleosynthesis neutron!! electron!+!proton!!=!!é!!+!h +!! t 1/2 =!12!minutes H + +!neutron!! Deuterium!(D)
More informationGeo-neutrinos Status and Prospects
Geo-neutrinos Status and Prospects SNOLAB Grand Opening Workshop May 2012 e+ νe W u pu Steve Dye Hawaii Pacific University d d u d n Outline Radiogenic heat/thermal evolution Radiogenic heat/geo-neutrinos
More information12. Data from Ito et al. (1987) Chemical Geology, 62, ; Figure ; and LeRoex et al. (1983) J. Petrol., 24,
Announcements Reading for Wed: p.363-399!!! p.362-366; p.373-378; p.383-386; p.392-394; p.395-399 Last lecture on Wednesday Bring food for pizza party Bring class notes, labs, book N-MORBs: 87 Sr/ 86 Sr
More informationDifferentiation & Thermal Evolution
Differentiation & Thermal Evolution 1 1 Meteorite Classification: Iron Meteorites 2 Meteorite Classification: Iron Meteorites 2 Meteorite Classification Basic Types of Meteorites: - Stony (93% of falls)
More informationPoS(HQL 2012)053. The study of geo-neutrinos. Sandra Zavatarelli 1
The study of geo-neutrinos Sandra Zavatarelli 1 Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare Via Dodecaneso 33, Genova E-mail: sandra.zavatarelli@ge.infn.it In the last years, thanks to the measurements of the
More informationEvidences for geochemically distinct mantle components
Evidences for geochemically distinct mantle components 1 Mantle Array Oceanic basalts, including seamounts, oceanic islands and middle ocean ridge basalts, were used. 2 Binary All analyses fall between
More informationMeteorites free samples from the solar system
Meteorites free samples from the solar system It is easier to believe that Yankee professors would lie, than that stones would fall from heaven [Thomas Jefferson, 3rd president of the USA] 2.1 Collection
More informationGeo-neutrinos. arxiv: v1 [physics.geo-ph] 14 Oct June 29, 2014
Geo-neutrinos G. Bellini, 1 A. Ianni, 2 L. Ludhova, 1 F. Mantovani, 3 W.F. McDonough 4 arxiv:1310.3732v1 [physics.geo-ph] 14 Oct 2013 1 Dip. di Fis. dell Università degli Studi and INFN, Milano, Italy
More informationInternational Workshop : Neutrino Research and Thermal Evolution of the Earth. KamLAND. Hiroko Watanabe
International Workshop : Neutrino Research and Thermal Evolution of the Earth KamLAND Hiroko Watanabe Research Center for Neutrino Science (Tohoku Univ.) for the KamLAND Collaboration Tohoku University,
More informationContinent-sized anomalous zones with low seismic velocity at the base of Earth s mantle
SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION DOI: 10.1038/NGEO2733 Continent-sized anomalous zones with low seismic velocity at the base of Earth s mantle Edward J. Garnero 1, Allen K. McNamara 1, and Sang-Heon D. Shim 1
More informationMantle geochemistry: How geochemists see the deep Earth
Geochemistry: Overview: the geochemist's Earth (reservoirs, budgets and processes) Mantle geochemistry: How geochemists see the deep Earth Don DePaolo/Stan Hart CIDER - KITP Summer School Lecture #1, July
More informationAt the beginning. Matter + antimatter. Matter has the advantage. baryons quarks, leptons, electrons, photons (no protons or neutrons)
At the beginning Matter + antimatter Matter has the advantage baryons quarks, leptons, electrons, photons (no protons or neutrons) Hadrons protons, neutrons Hydrogen, helium (:0 H:He) Origin of the Universe
More informationESS 312 Geochemistry Simulating Earth degassing using radionuclides
ESS 312 Geochemistry Simulating Earth degassing using radionuclides CHEMICAL AND ISOTOPIC EVOLUTION OF A TWO-RESERVOIR SYSTEM In lectures we discussed radioactive decay and build-up of a daughter isotope
More informationGeneral Introduction. The Earth as an evolving geologic body
General Introduction The Earth as an evolving geologic body Unique/important attributes of Planet Earth 1. Rocky planet w/ strong magnetic field Mercury has a weak field, Mars has a dead field 1 Unique/important
More informationOCN 201: Origin of the Earth and Oceans. Waimea Bay, Jan 2002
OCN 201: Origin of the Earth and Oceans Waimea Bay, Jan 2002 Periodic Table of the Elements Noble IA IIA IIIA IVA VA VIA VIIA VIIIA IB IIB IIIB IVB VB VIB VIIB gases H He Li Be B C N O F Ne Na Mg Al Si
More informationcore formation, and crust - mantle differentiation
Title: Earth s chondritic Th/U: negligible fractionation during accretion, core formation, and crust - mantle differentiation Authors: Scott A. Wipperfurth 1 *, Meng Guo 1,2, Ondřej Šrámek 3, William F.
More informationWhat is it like? When did it form? How did it form. The Solar System. Fall, 2005 Astronomy 110 1
What is it like? When did it form? How did it form The Solar System Fall, 2005 Astronomy 110 1 Fall, 2005 Astronomy 110 2 The planets all orbit the sun in the same direction. The Sun spins in the same
More informationStudying the Earth with Geoneutrinos
Studying the Earth with Geoneutrinos L. Ludhova, 1 S. Zavatarelli 2 1 Dipartimento di Fisica, INFN, 20133 Milano, Italy 2 Dipartimento di Fisica, INFN, 16146 Genova, Italy arxiv:1310.3961v2 [hep-ex] 29
More informationA non-traditional stable isotope perspective
The origins of the Moon: A non-traditional stable isotope perspective Fang-Zhen Teng Department of Earth and Space Sciences From the beginning: The Universe: 13.8 Ga The Milky Way Galaxy The Solar System
More informationLecture 38. Igneous geochemistry. Read White Chapter 7 if you haven t already
Lecture 38 Igneous geochemistry Read White Chapter 7 if you haven t already Today. Magma mixing/afc 2. Spot light on using the Rare Earth Elements (REE) to constrain mantle sources and conditions of petrogenesis
More informationTracing the origin of the Solar System. Michel Blanc OAMP, Marseille
Tracing the origin of the Solar System Michel Blanc OAMP, Marseille This talk was prepared with highly appreciated contributions from : Yann Alibert, Antonella Barucci, Willy Benz, Dominique Bockelée-Morvan,Scott
More informationABSTRACT. Dissertation directed By: Professors William F. McDonough & Roberta L. Rudnick, Department of Geology
ABSTRACT Title of Dissertation: GLOBAL AND REGIONAL REFERENCE MODELS FOR PREDICTING THE GEONEUTRINO FLUX AT SNO+, SUDBURY, CANADA Yu Huang, Doctor of Philosophy, 2013 Dissertation directed By: Professors
More informationLab 5: An Investigation of Meteorites Geology 202: Earth s Interior
Lab 5: An Investigation of Meteorites Geology 202: Earth s Interior Asteroids and Meteorites: What is the difference between asteroids and meteorites? Asteroids are rocky and metallic objects that orbit
More informationESC102. Earth in Context
ESC102 Earth in Context Scientific Method The scientific method is an orderly and logical approach that relies on data to inform our understanding of a problem or process. assumes that nature is consistent
More informationOCN 201: Earth Structure
OCN 201: Earth Structure Eric Heinen Eric H. De Carlo, Carlo: OCN 201, OCN Sp2010 201, Fall 2004 Early History of the Earth Rapid accretion of Earth and attendant dissipation of kinetic energy caused tremendous
More informationGeochemical constraints on the core formation and composition
Geochemical constraints on the core formation and composition Bernard Bourdon ENS Lyon with: Mathieu Touboul, Caroline Fitoussi, John Rudge and Thorsten Kleine Collège de France November 25 th Core formation
More informationTrace Elements - Definitions
Trace Elements - Definitions Elements that are not stoichiometric constituents in phases in the system of interest For example, IG/MET systems would have different trace elements than aqueous systems Do
More informationEvolution of the Atmosphere: The Biological Connection
Evolution of the Atmosphere: The Biological Connection The Earth s Four Spheres How It All Began Or At Least How We Think It Began O.k. it s a good guess Egg of energy The Big Bang splattered radiation
More informationThe thermal history of the Earth
Chapter 27 The thermal history of the Earth Man grows cold faster than the planet he inhabits. Albert Einstein Starting with Kelvin there have been many controversies and paradoxes associated with the
More informationhttp://eps.mcgill.ca/~courses/c220/ Nucleosynthesis neutron electron + proton = é + H + t 1/2 = 12 minutes H + + neutron Deuterium (D) 2 H + + neutrons Helium (He) 3 H + + neutrons Lithium (Li) From: W.S.
More informationFigure of rare earth elemental abundances removed due to copyright restrictions.
Figure of rare earth elemental abundances removed due to copyright restrictions. See figure 3.1 on page 26 of Tolstikhin, Igor and Jan Kramers. The Evolution of Matter: From the Big Bang to the Present
More informationThe dawn of neutrino geophysics. G.Gratta Physics Department Stanford University
The dawn of neutrino geophysics G.Gratta Physics Department Stanford University Structure 35km of the Earth 6km 6400km 2900km 2255km 1245km From seismic data 5 basic regions: - inner core, - outer core,
More informationChapter 11. The Archean Era of Precambrian Time
Chapter 11 The Archean Era of Precambrian Time 1 Guiding Questions When and how did Earth and its moon come into being? How did the core, mantle, crust form? Where did Archean rocks form, and what is their
More informationTerrestrial planet formation: planetesimal mixing KEVIN WALSH (SWRI)
Terrestrial planet formation: planetesimal mixing KEVIN WALSH (SWRI) Questions How are terrestrial planets put together? Where do they get their material? Questions How are terrestrial planets put together?
More informationOrigin of the Solar System
Origin of the Solar System Look for General Properties Dynamical Regularities Orbits in plane, nearly circular Orbit sun in same direction (CCW from N.P.) Rotation Axes to orbit plane (Sun & most planets;
More informationPlanetary Accretion Models and the
Planetary Accretion Models and the Mineralogy of Planetary Interiors DanFrost & DaveRubie Bayerisches Geoinstitut John Hernlund Earth Life Science Institute, Institute of TechnologyTokyo Alessandro Morbidelli
More informationB.S., 1970, Geology, Michigan State University. M.A., 1972, Geology, Princeton University. Post-doctoral fellow, , Stanford University
B.S., 1970, Geology, Michigan State University M.A., 1972, Geology, Princeton University Ph.D., 1976, Geology, Harvard University Post-doctoral fellow, 1976-77, Stanford University Scientist, 1977-86,
More informationCan t t wait to take Exam 4!
Can t t wait to take Exam 4! Really can t wait to study for the final exam! 1 2 Housekeeping Exam 4: study glossaries, chapter questions TA lab closed after Tues. How to study for exam 4 Make lists for
More informationAstronomy. physics.wm.edu/~hancock/171/ A. Dayle Hancock. Small 239. Office hours: MTWR 10-11am
Astronomy A. Dayle Hancock adhancock@wm.edu Small 239 Office hours: MTWR 10-11am Planetology II Key characteristics Chemical elements and planet size Radioactive dating Solar system formation Solar nebula
More informationPlanetary System Stability and Evolution. N. Jeremy Kasdin Princeton University
Planetary System Stability and Evolution N. Jeremy Kasdin Princeton University (Lots of help from Eric Ford, Florida and Robert Vanderbei, Princeton) KISS Exoplanet Workshop 10 November 2009 Motivation
More informationThe History of the Earth
The History of the Earth We have talked about how the universe and sun formed, but what about the planets and moons? Review: Origin of the Universe The universe began about 13.7 billion years ago The Big
More informationComet Science Goals II
Comet Science Goals II {questions for goals} Don Brownlee Did the events postulated by the Nice Hypothesis really happen? Were there wide-spread solar system wide impact events that were coeval with the
More informationEarth Structure and Evolution
Earth Structure and Evolution Bulk earth composition, radioactive heating, partitioning/fractionation, natural reactors 12.744 October 2, 2012 2 A word about dealing with real data for isotope isotope
More informationThermo-chemical structure, dynamics and evolution of the deep mantle: spherical convection calculations
Thermo-chemical structure, dynamics and evolution of the deep mantle: spherical convection calculations Paul J. Tackley ETH Zürich, Switzerland With help from Takashi Nakagawa, Frédéric Deschamps, James
More informationClass 15 Formation of the Solar System
Class 16 Extra-solar planets The radial-velocity technique for finding extrasolar planets Other techniques for finding extrasolar planets Class 15 Formation of the Solar System What does a successful model
More informationChapter 12 Lecture. Earth: An Introduction to Physical Geology. Eleventh Edition. Earth s Interior. Tarbuck and Lutgens Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 12 Lecture Earth: An Introduction to Physical Geology Eleventh Edition Earth s Interior Tarbuck and Lutgens Earth s Internal Structure Earth s interior can be divided into three major layers defined
More informationESS Mrs. Burkey FIRST SEMESTER STUDY GUIDE H/K
Name: Period: ESS Mrs. Burkey FIRST SEMESTER STUDY GUIDE H/K Answer the following questions on a separate sheet of paper and staple it to the back once you are done. If you still have the complete study
More informationFormation of the Solar System Chapter 8
Formation of the Solar System Chapter 8 To understand the formation of the solar system one has to apply concepts such as: Conservation of angular momentum Conservation of energy The theory of the formation
More informationToday. Solar System Formation. a few more bits and pieces. Homework due
Today Solar System Formation a few more bits and pieces Homework due Pluto Charon 3000 km Asteroids small irregular rocky bodies Comets icy bodies Formation of the Solar System How did these things come
More informationEARTH S ENERGY SOURCES
EARTH S ENERGY SOURCES The geological processes that shape the Earth s surface are powered by two major sources of energy; geothermal heat from the Earth s interior and external energy from the sun. The
More informationWed. Sept. 20, Today: For Monday Sept. 25 and following days read Chapter 4 (The Moon) of Christiansen and Hamblin (on reserve).
Wed. Sept. 20, 2017 Reading: For Friday: Connelly et al. 2012, "The Absolute Chronology and Thermal Processing of Solids in the Solar Protoplanetary Disk." 338: 651-665. Simon et al., 2011, "Oxygen Isotope
More informationPetrology. Petrology: the study of rocks, especially aspects such as physical, chemical, spatial and chronoligic. Associated fields include:
Petrology Petrology: the study of rocks, especially aspects such as physical, chemical, spatial and chronoligic. Associated fields include: Petrography: study of description and classification of rocks
More informationAstronomy 405 Solar System and ISM
Astronomy 405 Solar System and ISM Lecture 17 Planetary System Formation and Evolution February 22, 2013 grav collapse opposed by turbulence, B field, thermal Cartoon of Star Formation isolated, quasi-static,
More informationFormation of Planets and Earth Structure. Big Bang Theory. What is the shape of our solar system?
Formation of Planets and Earth Structure From work of Einstein and Hubble Big Bang Theory ~14 Ga All matter in one point Exploded Expanding still Food for thought What is the shape of our solar system?
More informationEarth s Power Budget: Significance of Radiogenic Heating
Earth s Power Budget: Significance of Radiogenic Heating Global heat flux Total = 47 +/- 3 TW Continents = 13.8 TW nominal thermal history with Oceans constant = 30.9 TW viscosity (violates T-dep viscosity)
More informationSIO 103 Origin and composition of the Earth
SIO 103 Origin and composition of the Earth In this chapter we briefly review the origin of the Earth, from the Big Bang 14 billion years ago to the accretion of the Earth from the solar nebula some 4.56
More informationEvidence of Earth s Interior Direct and Indirect Evidence
Into Which Layer Have We Drilled? Evidence of Earth s Interior Direct and Indirect Evidence 1. Crust 2. Mantle 3. Outer Core 4. Inner Core Why?? How Many Types of Crust Exist? Which of the following is
More informationIsotope Geochemistry. Isotope Cosmochemistry
INTRODUCTION Meteorites are our primary source of information about the early Solar System. Isotope Cosmochemistry Figure 5.01. Photograph of the meteorite Allende, which fell in Mexico in 1969. Circular/spherical
More informationPetrology. Petrology: the study of rocks, especially aspects such as physical, chemical, spatial and chronoligic. Classification:
Petrology Petrology: the study of rocks, especially aspects such as physical, chemical, spatial and chronoligic. Associated fields include: Petrography: study of description and classification of rocks
More informationUniversity of Colorado Boulder Phone: (480)
Mingming Li University of Colorado Boulder Phone: (480) 280-4695 Duan F737 Email: Mingming.Li.Geo@gmail.com Department of Physics 390 UCB Homepage: ciei.colorado.edu/~mli Boulder, CO 80309-0390 Research
More informationUREY RATIO AND THE STRUCTURE AND EVOLUTION OF EARTH S MANTLE
Click Here for Full Article UREY RATIO AND THE STRUCTURE AND EVOLUTION OF EARTH S MANTLE Jun Korenaga 1 Received 15 August 2007; accepted 8 January 2008; published 12 June 2008. [1] The Urey ratio describes
More informationImportance of Solar System Objects discussed thus far. Interiors of Terrestrial Planets. The Terrestrial Planets
Importance of Solar System Objects discussed thus far Interiors of Terrestrial Planets Chapter 9 Sun: Major source of heat for the surfaces of planets Asteroids: Provide possible insight to the composition
More informationCHAPTER 01: The Earth in Context
CHAPTER 01: The Earth in Context MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. Our Sun belongs to a galaxy known as. a. Andromeda c. the Milky Way b. Cepheus d. the Stratosphere ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: 1.2 components. 2. The theory
More informationPower Requirements for Earth s Magnetic Field
Power Requirements for Earth s Magnetic Field QuickTime and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. Bruce Buffett University of Chicago Structure of the Earth Origin of Inner
More informationToday: Collect homework Hand out new homework Exam Friday Sept. 20. Carrick Eggleston begins lectures on Wednesday
Geol 2000 Mon. Sep. 09, 2013 Today: Collect homework Hand out new homework Exam Friday Sept. 20 Review session THIS Friday Sept. 13 10AM? Geol. 216? (Discuss with class if this time works for students.
More information