Petrology. Petrology: the study of rocks, especially aspects such as physical, chemical, spatial and chronoligic. Associated fields include:

Size: px
Start display at page:

Download "Petrology. Petrology: the study of rocks, especially aspects such as physical, chemical, spatial and chronoligic. Associated fields include:"

Transcription

1

2 Petrology Petrology: the study of rocks, especially aspects such as physical, chemical, spatial and chronoligic. Associated fields include: Petrography: study of description and classification of rocks Petrogenesis: study of the histories and origins of rocks Classification: Igneous: crystallized from a melt or magma Metamorphic: changed in response to heat, pressure, directed stress or chemically active gases or liquids Sedimentary: formed at Earth s surface, largely observable

3 What do you want to learn from Petrology? How did a specific rock originate? What is it? Descriptive (textural, minerals) e.g., granite Where did it come from? E.g., mantle or crust? What processes were involved? Partial melting? Fractional crystallization? Under what conditions did it form? Pressure, temperature? When did it form? Radiogenic isotopes (4.567 Ga, Earth) What does the rock tell us about Earth/planetary history? How does the planet work? E.g., plate tectonics How does the planet form and evolve? E.g., Moon There are still many controversies explaining the origins and compositions of different types rocks! A lot of work yet to be done!

4 Classification of crystalline rocks Igneous Rocks: formed by the cooling and solidification of magma, defined as mobile molten rock whose temperature is generally in the range of o C ( F). Most magmas are dominated by silicate melts on Earth. Metamorphic Rocks: formed by the reconstitution of preexisting rocks at elevated temperatures well beneath the surface of the Earth. Lower bound of temperature range is poorly defined, but usually > 200 C. Upper range bounded by melting (~700 C), above which we are in the igneous realm.

5 This course will be divided into two parts: Lecture and Laboratory

6 Review of Earth Basics Is the Earth homogenous? No, very heterogeneous! Horizontally Vertically Petrologically Mineralogically Chemically Isotopically

7 The Earth: Horizontally Crust: obvious from space that Earth has two fundamentally different physiographic features: oceans (71%) and continents (29%) from: global topography

8 The Earth: Vertically Atmosphere Biosphere Hydrosphere Solid Earth Crust Mantle Core Figure 1.2 Major subdivisions of the Earth. Winter (2001) An Introduction to Igneous and Metamorphic Petrology. Prentice Hall.

9 The Solid Earth Crust: Oceanic crust Thin: 10 km Relatively uniform stratigraphy = ophiolite suite: sediments pillow basalt sheeted dikes more massive gabbro ultramafic (mantle) Continental Crust Thicker: km average ~40 km Highly variable composition Average ~ granodiorite

10 Figure 1.2 Major subdivisions of the Earth. Winter (2001) An Introduction to Igneous and Metamorphic Petrology. Prentice Hall. The Solid Earth Mantle: Peridotite (ultramafic) Upper to 410 km (olivine spinel) Low Velocity Layer km (asthenosphere) Transition Zone as velocity increases ~ rapidly 660 spinel perovskite-type Si IV Si VI Lower Mantle

11 The Solid Earth Core: Fe-Ni metallic alloy Outer Core is liquid No S-waves Inner Core is solid Figure 1.2 Major subdivisions of the Earth. Winter (2001) An Introduction to Igneous and Metamorphic Petrology. Prentice Hall.

12 Can you calculate the volume/mass percentage of the crust, mantle and core in the bulk Earth? By volume: Crust: 0.6% Mantle: 83% Core: 16.4% V = 4/3 x (Pi) x r^3 where is the radius of the ball What is the percentage of Mg in the mantle?

13 How do we know the Earth s interior? Seismic wave data

14 Crust: low density 2.8 to 3.3 g/cc P-wave: 6.1 to 6.5 km/s Mantle: higher density 3-5 g/cc P-wave 5-13 km/s Low velocity zone: Asthenosphere Core: high density Fe, Ni, S, g/cc P-wave 8-10 km/s Figure 1.3 Variation in P and S wave velocities with depth. Compositional subdivisions of the Earth are on the left, rheological subdivisions on the right. After Kearey and Vine (1990), Global Tectonics. Blackwell Scientific. Oxford.

15 Summary Crust-mantle-core Rocks are different Minerals are different Seismic waves are different Other properties?

16 Distribution of pressure within the Earth Rocks under high pressure do not have high shear strength and tend to flow like viscous liquid. Thus pressures within the Earth can normally be calculated based on lithostatic pressure i.e., the load pressure from above. This is similar to calculating hydrostatic pressure: Relation is: P = ρgh where P is pressure in Pascal, ρ is density in kg/m 3, g is the acceleration of gravity at the depth considered, in m/s 2 (not the same at different depths, or for different planets), and h is the depth in m.

17 Distribution of pressure within the Earth Example: what is the pressure at the base of 40-km thick granitic crust with a density of 2800 kg/m 3? Answer: P = 2800 kg/m 3 x 9.80 m/s 2 x 40,000 m = 1.01 x 10 9 kg/m 2 /s 2 or Pascal (Pa) = 1.01 GPa = 10.1 kbar For the Earth s crust, the relation between pressure and depth is roughly 1 GPa or 10 kbar per km.

18 The Pressure Gradient in the Earth: P vs. depth P = ρgh Nearly linear through mantle ~ 30 MPa/km ~ 1 GPa at base of ave crust Core: r incr. more rapidly Density (ρ) increases with depth but pressure gradients decreases, due to decreasing of g. Figure 1.8 Pressure variation with depth. From Dziewonski and Anderson (1981). Phys. Earth Planet. Int., 25,

19 Distribution of temperature within the Earth In comparison to pressure, temperature calculations for a given depth are not so easy! E.g., on Earth s surface Heat sources in the Earth Heat from the early accretion and differentiation of the Earth Accretion: conversion of kinetic energy to thermal Core formation: conversion of gravitational potential energy to heat Heat released by radioactive decay Long-live radioactive elements ( 40 K, 235 U, 238 U, 232 Th) Short-live radioactive elements ( 26 Al) Solar energy (minor) Earth is cooling as a consequence of mantle convection

20 In the Earth s crust, heat is generated mostly from radioactive decay. This can be calculated. The rate of heat production per unit volume of a rock, A, is the sum of the products of the decay energies of each radioactive isotope present e i, and the concentration of the isotope in the rock, c i (ppm), and the density of the rock (ρ) such that: A = ρ Σe i c i in µw/m3

21 Heat Transfer from Regions of High-Temperature to Regions of Low-Temperature (the surface) Radiation: involves emission of EM energy from the surface of hot body into the transparent cooler surroundings. Only important at T s >1200 C, e.g., deep mantle. Vacuum OK. Advection: involves flow of a liquid through openings in a rock whose T is different from the fluid (mass flux). Important near Earth s surface due to fractured nature of crust. Conduction: transfer of kinetic energy by atomic vibration. Cannot occur in a vacuum. For a given volume, heat is conducted away faster if the enclosing surface area is larger. Convection: movement of material having contrasting T s from one place to another. T differences give rise to density differences. In a gravitational field, higher density (generally colder) materials sink.

22 Geothermal gradient in the Earth: T vs. depth To obtain thermal gradient must account for: Heat production from radioactive element Convective cooling at depth Radiative cooling

23 The Geothermal Gradient Figure 1.9 Diagrammatic cross-section through the upper km of the Earth showing geothermal gradients reflecting more efficient adiabatic (constant heat content) convection of heat in the mobile asthenosphere (steeper gradient in blue) ) and less efficient conductive heat transfer through the more rigid lithosphere (shallower gradient in red). The boundary layer is a zone across which the transition in rheology and heat transfer mechanism occurs (in green). The thickness of the boundary layer is exaggerated here for clarity: it is probably less than half the thickness of the lithosphere. Winter (2001) An Introduction to Igneous and Metamorphic Petrology. Prentice Hall.

24 The Geothermal Gradient Figure 1.9 Notice that thinner lithosphere allows convective heat transfer to shallower depths, resulting in a higher geothermal gradient across the boundary layer and lithosphere. Winter (2001) An Introduction to Igneous and Metamorphic Petrology. Prentice Hall.

25 The Geothermal Gradient Figure 1.11 Estimates of oceanic (blue curves) and continental shield (red curves) geotherms to a depth of 300 km. The thickness of mature (> 100Ma) oceanic lithosphere is hatched and that of continental shield lithosphere is yellow. Data from Green and Falloon ((1998), Green & Ringwood (1963), Jaupart and Mareschal (1999), McKenzie et al. (2005 and personal communication), Ringwood (1966), Rudnick and Nyblade (1999), Turcotte and Schubert (2002). Winter (2001) An Introduction to Igneous and Metamorphic Petrology. Prentice Hall.

26 How to calculate temperature within the Earth with a given geothermal gradient? Example: what is the temperature at the base of 40-km thick granitic crust with a geothermal gradient 15 o C/km? Answer: T = 40 km x 15 o C/km = 600 o C This temperature is not high enough to melt crustal rocks.

27 Winter (2001) An Introduction to Igneous and Metamorphic Petrology. Prentice Hall. Very important figure! Oceanic and continental thermal gradients, with the melting curves for peridotite and granite included. Note that melting should not occur within the continental crust given these gradients. Somehow, these gradients must be perturbed. i.e., plate tectonics

28

29

30

Petrology. Petrology: the study of rocks, especially aspects such as physical, chemical, spatial and chronoligic. Classification:

Petrology. Petrology: the study of rocks, especially aspects such as physical, chemical, spatial and chronoligic. Classification: Petrology Petrology: the study of rocks, especially aspects such as physical, chemical, spatial and chronoligic. Associated fields include: Petrography: study of description and classification of rocks

More information

Petrology: Igneous and Metamorphic (with a few sedimentary rocks)

Petrology: Igneous and Metamorphic (with a few sedimentary rocks) 1 Petrology: Igneous and Metamorphic (with a few sedimentary rocks) Spring 2017 Geology 2 nd ed. - Chernicoff Why Petrology? Most of the Earth is made of rock. Information about or for: Earth history rocks

More information

Forms of Energy. Energy: commonly defined as the capacity to do work (i.e. by system on its surroundings); comes in many forms

Forms of Energy. Energy: commonly defined as the capacity to do work (i.e. by system on its surroundings); comes in many forms Forms of Energy Energy: commonly defined as the capacity to do work (i.e. by system on its surroundings); comes in many forms Work: defined as the product of a force (F) times times a displacement acting

More information

EARTH S ENERGY SOURCES

EARTH S ENERGY SOURCES EARTH S ENERGY SOURCES The geological processes that shape the Earth s surface are powered by two major sources of energy; geothermal heat from the Earth s interior and external energy from the sun. The

More information

Thermal and compositional structure of the Mantle and Lithosphere

Thermal and compositional structure of the Mantle and Lithosphere Chapter 1 Thermal and compositional structure of the Mantle and Lithosphere 1.1 Primordial heat of the Earth The most widely accepted planetary formation theory says that the solar system accreted from

More information

Standard 2, Objective 1: Evaluate the source of Earth s internal heat and the evidence of Earth s internal structure.

Standard 2, Objective 1: Evaluate the source of Earth s internal heat and the evidence of Earth s internal structure. Standard 2: Students will understand Earth s internal structure and the dynamic nature of the tectonic plates that form its surface. Standard 2, Objective 1: Evaluate the source of Earth s internal heat

More information

Earth s Interior Earth - Chapter 12 Stan Hatfield Southwestern Illinois College

Earth s Interior Earth - Chapter 12 Stan Hatfield Southwestern Illinois College Earth s Interior Earth - Chapter 12 Stan Hatfield Southwestern Illinois College Probing Earth s Interior Most of our knowledge of Earth s interior comes from the study of earthquake waves. Travel times

More information

Chapter 12 Lecture. Earth: An Introduction to Physical Geology. Eleventh Edition. Earth s Interior. Tarbuck and Lutgens Pearson Education, Inc.

Chapter 12 Lecture. Earth: An Introduction to Physical Geology. Eleventh Edition. Earth s Interior. Tarbuck and Lutgens Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter 12 Lecture Earth: An Introduction to Physical Geology Eleventh Edition Earth s Interior Tarbuck and Lutgens Earth s Internal Structure Earth s interior can be divided into three major layers defined

More information

Chapter 4 Rocks & Igneous Rocks

Chapter 4 Rocks & Igneous Rocks Chapter 4 Rocks & Igneous Rocks Rock Definition A naturally occurring consolidated mixture of one or more minerals e.g, marble, granite, sandstone, limestone Rock Definition Must naturally occur in nature,

More information

Chapter 8: The Dynamic Planet

Chapter 8: The Dynamic Planet Chapter 8: The Dynamic Planet I. The Pace of Change A. The Geologic Time Scale II. Earth s Structure and Internal Energy A. The Earth s Core B. The Earth s Mantle C. The Earth s Crust III. The Geologic

More information

Why does the Earth have volcanoes? Why is there Earthquakes?

Why does the Earth have volcanoes? Why is there Earthquakes? Why does the Earth have volcanoes? Why is there Earthquakes? Turn to your neighbor and review: How and when did the Earth form? How old are the first traces of life on Earth? Logical? * 1.5Ga (1 st multicellular

More information

Important information from Chapter 1

Important information from Chapter 1 Important information from Chapter 1 Distinguish between: Natural hazard // Disaster // Catastrophe What role does human population play in these categories? Know how to read a Hazard Map, such as Figure

More information

TODAY S FOCUS LAYERS OF THE EARTH

TODAY S FOCUS LAYERS OF THE EARTH TODAY S FOCUS LAYERS OF THE EARTH 8.6C investigate and describe applications of Newton s law of inertia, law of force and acceleration, and law of action-reaction such as in vehicle restraints, sports

More information

Structure of the Earth and the Origin of Magmas

Structure of the Earth and the Origin of Magmas Page 1 of 12 EENS 2120 Petrology Tulane University Prof. Stephen A. Nelson Structure of the Earth and the Origin of Magmas This document last updated on 23-Jan-2015 Magmas do not form everywhere beneath

More information

BELLRINGER How close a group of measurements are to each other is called. 1. estimation 2. accuracy 3. precision. 0% 0% 0% 0% 4.

BELLRINGER How close a group of measurements are to each other is called. 1. estimation 2. accuracy 3. precision. 0% 0% 0% 0% 4. BELLRINGER How close a group of measurements are to each other is called 1. estimation 2. accuracy 3. precision 0% 0% 0% 0% 4. percent error estimation accuracy precision percent error Inside Earth Chapter

More information

Lecture 2: Causes of metamorphism

Lecture 2: Causes of metamorphism Lecture 2: Causes of metamorphism Metamorphism refers to a suite of processes that change the mineralogy, composition and texture of pre-existing materials this is a broad definition and certain industrial

More information

Formation of the Earth and Solar System

Formation of the Earth and Solar System Formation of the Earth and Solar System a. Supernova and formation of primordial dust cloud. NEBULAR HYPOTHESIS b. Condensation of primordial dust. Forms disk-shaped nubular cloud rotating counterclockwise.

More information

Earth s Interior and Geophysical Properties. Chapter 13

Earth s Interior and Geophysical Properties. Chapter 13 Earth s Interior and Geophysical Properties Chapter 13 Introduction Can we just go there? Deep interior of the Earth must be studied indirectly Direct access only to crustal rocks and upper mantle fragments

More information

Engineering Geology. Earth Structure. Hussien aldeeky

Engineering Geology. Earth Structure. Hussien aldeeky Earth Structure Hussien aldeeky 1 Earth major spheres 1. Hydrosphere Ocean is the most prominent feature of the hydrosphere. - Is nearly 71% of Earth's surface - Holds about 97% of Earth's water Fresh

More information

Chapter 7 Plate Tectonics

Chapter 7 Plate Tectonics Chapter 7 Plate Tectonics Earthquakes Earthquake = vibration of the Earth produced by the rapid release of energy. Seismic Waves Focus = the place within the Earth where the rock breaks, producing an earthquake.

More information

Composition of the earth, Geologic Time, and Plate Tectonics

Composition of the earth, Geologic Time, and Plate Tectonics Composition of the earth, Geologic Time, and Plate Tectonics Layers of the earth Chemical vs. Mechanical Chemical : Mechanical: 1) Core: Ni and Fe 2) Mantle: Mostly Peridotite 3) Crust: Many different

More information

Igneous Rocks. Igneous Rocks. Genetic Classification of

Igneous Rocks. Igneous Rocks. Genetic Classification of Igneous Rocks Fig. 5.1 Genetic Classification of Igneous Rocks Intrusive: crystallized from slowly cooling magma intruded within the Earth s crust; e.g. granite, gabbro 1 Fig. 5.2 Genetic Classification

More information

Welcome to GEO 101 Introduction to Geology

Welcome to GEO 101 Introduction to Geology Welcome to GEO 101 Introduction to Geology so what is Geology? not just rocks! Geology is... study of Earth and planetary bodies processes responsible for formation processes that modify all areas of geology

More information

GLY 155 Introduction to Physical Geology, W. Altermann. Grotzinger Jordan. Understanding Earth. Sixth Edition

GLY 155 Introduction to Physical Geology, W. Altermann. Grotzinger Jordan. Understanding Earth. Sixth Edition Grotzinger Jordan Understanding Earth Sixth Edition Chapter 4: IGNEOUS ROCKS Solids from Melts 2011 by W. H. Freeman and Company Chapter 4: Igneous Rocks: Solids from Melts 1 About Igneous Rocks Igneous

More information

Structure of the Earth

Structure of the Earth And the ROCK CYCLE Structure of the Earth Compositional (Chemical) Layers Crust: Low density High in silicon (Si) and oxygen (O) Moho: Density boundary between crust and mantle Mantle: Higher density High

More information

Topics: The Layers of the Earth and its Formation Sources of Heat Volcanos and Earthquakes Rock Cycle Rock Types Carbon Tax

Topics: The Layers of the Earth and its Formation Sources of Heat Volcanos and Earthquakes Rock Cycle Rock Types Carbon Tax Topics: The Layers of the Earth and its Formation Sources of Heat Volcanos and Earthquakes Rock Cycle Rock Types Carbon Tax Essay Question on Carbon Tax 1. Drilling 2. Volcanic Activity 3. Laboratory experiments

More information

Plate Tectonics. Why Continents and Ocean Basins Exist

Plate Tectonics. Why Continents and Ocean Basins Exist Plate Tectonics Plate Tectonics Why Continents and Ocean Basins Exist Topics Density Structure of Earth Isostasy Sea-Floor Spreading Mechanical Structure of Earth Driving Mechanism of Plate Tectonics Lithospheric

More information

10/11/2010. Acceleration due to gravity, a. Bulk Properties Mass = 6 x kg Diameter = 12,756 km Density = 5515 kg/m 3 (mix of rock and iron)

10/11/2010. Acceleration due to gravity, a. Bulk Properties Mass = 6 x kg Diameter = 12,756 km Density = 5515 kg/m 3 (mix of rock and iron) Acceleration due to gravity, a Bulk Properties Mass = 6 x 10 24 kg Diameter = 12,756 km Density = 5515 kg/m 3 (mix of rock and iron) Escape Velocity, v e Albedo Amount of sunlight reflected back into space

More information

N = N 0 e -λt D* = N 0 -N D* = N 0 (1-e -λt ) or N(e λt -1) where N is number of parent atoms at time t, N 0

N = N 0 e -λt D* = N 0 -N D* = N 0 (1-e -λt ) or N(e λt -1) where N is number of parent atoms at time t, N 0 N = N 0 e -λt D* = N 0 -N D* = N 0 (1-e -λt ) or N(e λt -1) where N is number of parent atoms at time t, N 0 is initial number of parents, D* is number of radiogenic daughter atoms, and λ is the decay

More information

Earthquakes. Earthquakes are caused by a sudden release of energy

Earthquakes. Earthquakes are caused by a sudden release of energy Earthquakes Earthquakes are caused by a sudden release of energy The amount of energy released determines the magnitude of the earthquake Seismic waves carry the energy away from its origin Fig. 18.1 Origin

More information

b. atomic mass H What is the density of an object with a volume of 15cm 3 and a mass of 45g?

b. atomic mass H What is the density of an object with a volume of 15cm 3 and a mass of 45g? Name Period Date Earth Science Midterm Review 2015-2016 Quarter 1 Review Assign #1 Basic Chemistry An atom is a basic chemical building block of matter. An atom consists of protons, neutrons, and electrons.

More information

Tracing rays through the Earth

Tracing rays through the Earth Tracing rays through the Earth Ray parameter p: source receiv er i 1 V 1 sin i 1 = sin i 2 = = sin i n = const. = p V 1 V 2 V n p is constant for a given ray i 2 i 3 i 4 V 2 V 3 V 4 i critical If V increases

More information

THE INTERIOR OF THE EARTH

THE INTERIOR OF THE EARTH THE INTERIOR OF THE EARTH Introduction: Nebular hypothesis and the origin of solar system, which indicates that there is a differentiation (layering) in the earth. * Sources of our knowledge about the

More information

Week Five: Earth s Interior/Structure

Week Five: Earth s Interior/Structure Week Five: Earth s Interior/Structure The Earth s Interior/Structure Cut a planet in half See layers Most dense material (metals) at bottom Medium density material (rocks) in middle Even less dense (liquids

More information

Recall Hypsometric Curve?

Recall Hypsometric Curve? Structure of the Earth (Why?) Recall Hypsometric Curve? Continental lithosphere is very different from oceanic lithosphere. To understand this, we need to know more about the structure & composition of

More information

Lecture 6 - Igneous Rocks and Volcanoes

Lecture 6 - Igneous Rocks and Volcanoes Lecture 6 - Igneous Rocks and Volcanoes Learning objectives Understand and be able to predict where and why magma will be forming at different tectonic settings Understand the factors controlling magma

More information

1. In the diagram below, letters A and B represent locations near the edge of a continent.

1. In the diagram below, letters A and B represent locations near the edge of a continent. 1. In the diagram below, letters A and B represent locations near the edge of a continent. A geologist who compares nonsedimentary rock samples from locations A and B would probably find that the samples

More information

UGRC 144 Science and Technology in Our Lives/Geohazards

UGRC 144 Science and Technology in Our Lives/Geohazards UGRC 144 Science and Technology in Our Lives/Geohazards Session 2 THE EARTH Lecturer: Dr. Patrick Asamoah Sakyi Department of Earth Science, UG Contact Information: pasakyi@ug.edu.gh College of Education

More information

Differentiation 1: core formation OUTLINE

Differentiation 1: core formation OUTLINE Differentiation 1: core formation Reading this week: White Ch 12 OUTLINE Today 1.Finish some slides 2.Layers 3.Core formation 1 Goldschmidt Classification/Geochemical Periodic Chart Elements can be assigned

More information

Recall Hypsometric Curve?

Recall Hypsometric Curve? Structure of the Earth (Why?) 1 Recall Hypsometric Curve? Continental lithosphere is very different from oceanic lithosphere. To understand this, we need to know more about the structure & composition

More information

Structure of the Earth (Why?)

Structure of the Earth (Why?) Structure of the Earth (Why?) 1 Recall Hypsometric Curve? Continental lithosphere is very different from oceanic lithosphere. To understand this, we need to know more about the structure & composition

More information

Introduction to Earth s s Spheres The Benchmark

Introduction to Earth s s Spheres The Benchmark Introduction to Earth s s Spheres The Benchmark Volcanism Volcanic eruptions Effusive: lavas (e.g., Kilauea) Volcanism Volcanic eruptions Explosive: pyroclastic rocks (e.g., Krakatau) Factors Governing

More information

How do we know about the different layers of Earth's interior when we've never been there?

How do we know about the different layers of Earth's interior when we've never been there? Layers of the Earth Layers of the Earth How do we know about the different layers of Earth's interior when we've never been there? Oct 11 6:41 AM Make a note: These layers are inferred based on seismic

More information

Earth Systems Science Chapter 7. Earth Systems Science Chapter 7 11/11/2010. Seismology: study of earthquakes and related phenomena

Earth Systems Science Chapter 7. Earth Systems Science Chapter 7 11/11/2010. Seismology: study of earthquakes and related phenomena Earth Systems Science Chapter 7 I. Structure of the Earth II. Plate Tectonics The solid part of the earth system includes processes, just like the atmosphere and oceans. However, the time scales for processes

More information

D) outer core B) 1300 C A) rigid mantle A) 2000 C B) density, temperature, and pressure increase D) stiffer mantle C) outer core

D) outer core B) 1300 C A) rigid mantle A) 2000 C B) density, temperature, and pressure increase D) stiffer mantle C) outer core 1. In which area of Earth's interior is the pressure most likely to be 2.5 million atmospheres? A) asthenosphere B) stiffer mantle C) inner core D) outer core Base your answers to questions 2 and 3 on

More information

Birth Date of a Planet?

Birth Date of a Planet? Save the whales. Collect the whole set Plan to be spontaneous tomorrow Life is too short not to be in a hurry Oceanography Lecture 4 Defining Boundaries: 2) Plate Tectonics I 1. Review 2. Intro to Plate

More information

Layers of Earth Write us-

Layers of Earth Write us- Layers of Earth Three Layers of Earth Crust, Mantle and Core Layers of Earth Layers of Earth : Our Planet, the Earth is made up of different layers. Each layer of the Earth has unique properties. In 1692,

More information

At the beginning. Matter + antimatter. Matter has the advantage. baryons quarks, leptons, electrons, photons (no protons or neutrons)

At the beginning. Matter + antimatter. Matter has the advantage. baryons quarks, leptons, electrons, photons (no protons or neutrons) At the beginning Matter + antimatter Matter has the advantage baryons quarks, leptons, electrons, photons (no protons or neutrons) Hadrons protons, neutrons Hydrogen, helium (:0 H:He) Origin of the Universe

More information

What is Earth Science? Earth science is the branch of science dealing with the constitution of the earth and its atmosphere.

What is Earth Science? Earth science is the branch of science dealing with the constitution of the earth and its atmosphere. What is Earth Science? Earth science is the branch of science dealing with the constitution of the earth and its atmosphere. 1 2 The Branches of Earth Science Major Astronomy (celestial objects, space,

More information

Unit 1: Earth as a System. Section 1: Plate Tectonics and the Rock Cycle

Unit 1: Earth as a System. Section 1: Plate Tectonics and the Rock Cycle Unit 1: Earth as a System Section 1: Plate Tectonics and the Rock Cycle Earth s Realms Earth is divided into 4 major realms: Atmosphere gases surrounding earth Hydrosphere - earth s supply of water Lithosphere

More information

Common Misconceptions in Physical Geography. Chan Lung Sang Department of Earth Sciences Faculty of Science, HKU

Common Misconceptions in Physical Geography. Chan Lung Sang Department of Earth Sciences Faculty of Science, HKU Common Misconceptions in Physical Geography Chan Lung Sang Department of Earth Sciences Faculty of Science, HKU Causes of Inaccuracies Inaccuracies caused by technical details Obsolete concepts Erroneous

More information

sonar seismic wave basalt granite

sonar seismic wave basalt granite geologist sonar crust geology seismic wave mantle constructive force basalt inner core destructive force granite outer core The solid, rocky, surface layer of the earth. an instrument that can find objects

More information

Earth as a planet: Interior and Surface layers

Earth as a planet: Interior and Surface layers Earth as a planet: Interior and Surface layers Bibliographic material: Langmuir & Broecker (2012) How to build a habitable planet Internal structure of the Earth: Observational techniques Seismology Analysis

More information

The Nature of Igneous Rocks

The Nature of Igneous Rocks The Nature of Igneous Rocks Form from Magma Hot, partially molten mixture of solid liquid and gas Mineral crystals form in the magma making a crystal slush Gases - H 2 O, CO 2, etc. - are dissolved in

More information

LIGO sees binary neutron star merger on August 17, 2017

LIGO sees binary neutron star merger on August 17, 2017 LIGO sees binary neutron star merger on August 17, 2017 Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory (LIGO) Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory (LIGO) Multi-Messenger Astronomy This

More information

Plate tectonics, rock cycle

Plate tectonics, rock cycle Dikes, Antarctica Rock Cycle Plate tectonics, rock cycle The Rock Cycle A rock is a naturally formed, consolidated material usually composed of grains of one or more minerals The rock cycle shows how one

More information

OCN 201: Earth Structure

OCN 201: Earth Structure OCN 201: Earth Structure Eric Heinen Eric H. De Carlo, Carlo: OCN 201, OCN Sp2010 201, Fall 2004 Early History of the Earth Rapid accretion of Earth and attendant dissipation of kinetic energy caused tremendous

More information

Heat in the Earth and heat flow (see Mussett & Khan, Chapter 17; various topics in Fowler, Chapter 7, especially p )

Heat in the Earth and heat flow (see Mussett & Khan, Chapter 17; various topics in Fowler, Chapter 7, especially p ) Heat in the Earth and heat flow (see Mussett & Khan, Chapter 17; various topics in Fowler, Chapter 7, especially p. 269-281) At the surface of the Earth we receive heat energy from the Sun and from inside.

More information

8 th Grade Science Tutoring. Earth Space, Ms. Winkle

8 th Grade Science Tutoring. Earth Space, Ms. Winkle 8 th Grade Science Tutoring Earth Space, Ms. Winkle List of Topics PART ONE Atoms, molecules, elements, mixtures, compounds Density Physical vs chemical changes Weathering, Erosion, Deposition (include

More information

Origin of the Oceans II. Earth A Living Planet. Earthquakes and Volcanoes. Plate Tectonics II

Origin of the Oceans II. Earth A Living Planet. Earthquakes and Volcanoes. Plate Tectonics II Origin of the Oceans II Plate Tectonics II Earth A Living Planet Heat of formation of the planet is trapped at center, gradually escaping Center is nickel and iron Earthquakes and Volcanoes 1 Tracing the

More information

Earth s Interior HW Packet HW #1 Plate Tectonics (pages )

Earth s Interior HW Packet HW #1 Plate Tectonics (pages ) Name Earth s Interior HW Packet HW #1 Plate Tectonics (pages 676 683) 1. Is the following sentence true or false? According to the theory of plate tectonics, Earth s plates move about quickly on top of

More information

Physics and Chemistry of the Earth and Terrestrial Planets

Physics and Chemistry of the Earth and Terrestrial Planets MIT OpenCourseWare http://ocw.mit.edu 12.002 Physics and Chemistry of the Earth and Terrestrial Planets Fall 2008 For information about citing these materials or our Terms of Use, visit: http://ocw.mit.edu/terms.

More information

Chapter 5 Notes: Plate Tectonics

Chapter 5 Notes: Plate Tectonics Chapter 5 Notes: Plate Tectonics Earth s Interior Scientists learn about the interior of Earth in 2 ways o Direct Method Rock Samples Drilling Caves o Indirect Method Seismic Waves Speed of waves and paths

More information

Chapter 9. ASTRONOMY 202 Spring 2007: Solar System Exploration. Class 26: Planetary Geology [3/23/07] Announcements.

Chapter 9. ASTRONOMY 202 Spring 2007: Solar System Exploration. Class 26: Planetary Geology [3/23/07] Announcements. ASTRONOMY 202 Spring 2007: Solar System Exploration Instructor: Dr. David Alexander Web-site: www.ruf.rice.edu/~dalex/astr202_s07 Class 26: Planetary Geology [3/23/07] Announcements Planetary Geology Planetary

More information

Geodynamics. Heat conduction and production Lecture Heat production. Lecturer: David Whipp

Geodynamics. Heat conduction and production Lecture Heat production. Lecturer: David Whipp Geodynamics Heat conduction and production Lecture 7.3 - Heat production Lecturer: David Whipp david.whipp@helsinki.fi Geodynamics www.helsinki.fi/yliopisto 1 Goals of this lecture Discuss radiogenic heat

More information

UNIT SIX: Earth s Structure. Chapter 18 Earth s History and Rocks Chapter 19 Changing Earth Chapter 20 Earthquakes and Volcanoes

UNIT SIX: Earth s Structure. Chapter 18 Earth s History and Rocks Chapter 19 Changing Earth Chapter 20 Earthquakes and Volcanoes UNIT SIX: Earth s Structure Chapter 18 Earth s History and Rocks Chapter 19 Changing Earth Chapter 20 Earthquakes and Volcanoes Chapter Nineteen: Changing Earth 19.1 Inside Earth 19.2 Plate Tectonics 19.3

More information

Most mafic magmas come from the upper mantle and lower crust. This handout will address five questions:

Most mafic magmas come from the upper mantle and lower crust. This handout will address five questions: Geology 101 Origin of Magma From our discussions of the structure of the interior of the Earth, it is clear that the upper parts of the Earth (crust and mantle) are mostly solid because s-waves penetrate

More information

UNIT SIX: Earth s Structure. Chapter 18 Earth s History and Rocks Chapter 19 Changing Earth Chapter 20 Earthquakes and Volcanoes

UNIT SIX: Earth s Structure. Chapter 18 Earth s History and Rocks Chapter 19 Changing Earth Chapter 20 Earthquakes and Volcanoes UNIT SIX: Earth s Structure Chapter 18 Earth s History and Rocks Chapter 19 Changing Earth Chapter 20 Earthquakes and Volcanoes Chapter Nineteen: Changing Earth 19.1 Inside Earth 19.2 Plate Tectonics

More information

The oldest rock: 3.96 billion yrs old: Earth was forming continental crust nearly 400 billion years ago!!

The oldest rock: 3.96 billion yrs old: Earth was forming continental crust nearly 400 billion years ago!! Earth s vital statistics Shape: almost spherical Size: 6400km in radius Average density: 5.5gm/cc; surface: 3gm/cc or less; centre may be 10-15gm/cc 15gm/cc Temperature: core: 2200-2750 2750 o c Pressure:

More information

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2nebe_brjaq&feature =youtu.be https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=- DSzlxeNCBk

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2nebe_brjaq&feature =youtu.be https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=- DSzlxeNCBk What is a mineral? H.E.3A.5 Analyze and interpret data to describe the physical and chemical properties of minerals and rocks and classify each based on the properties and environment in which they were

More information

Lecture 2: Deformation in the crust and the mantle. Read KK&V chapter 2.10

Lecture 2: Deformation in the crust and the mantle. Read KK&V chapter 2.10 Lecture 2: Deformation in the crust and the mantle Read KK&V chapter 2.10 Tectonic plates What are the structure and composi1on of tectonic plates? Crust, mantle, and lithosphere Crust relatively light

More information

The Earth. Part II: Solar System. The Earth. 1a. Interior. A. Interior of Earth. A. The Interior. B. The Surface. C. Atmosphere

The Earth. Part II: Solar System. The Earth. 1a. Interior. A. Interior of Earth. A. The Interior. B. The Surface. C. Atmosphere Part II: Solar System The Earth The Earth A. The Interior B. The Surface C. Atmosphere 2 Updated: July 14, 2007 A. Interior of Earth 1. Differentiated Structure 2. Seismography 3. Composition of layers

More information

The Earth s Structure

The Earth s Structure Planet Earth The Earth s Structure Crust the outermost and thinnest layer of Earth Mantle the layer of rock between the Earth s crust and its core - rocks are plastic soft and easily deformed The Earth

More information

Geodynamics Lecture 10 The forces driving plate tectonics

Geodynamics Lecture 10 The forces driving plate tectonics Geodynamics Lecture 10 The forces driving plate tectonics Lecturer: David Whipp! david.whipp@helsinki.fi!! 2.10.2014 Geodynamics www.helsinki.fi/yliopisto 1 Goals of this lecture Describe how thermal convection

More information

GO ON. Directions: Use the diagram below to answer question 1.

GO ON. Directions: Use the diagram below to answer question 1. d i a g n o s t i c t e s t : e a r t h a n d s p a c e s c i e n c e question 1. 1. What is the correct order (starting from the surface) of Earth s layers? A crust, outer core, inner core, mantle B mantle,

More information

Importance of Solar System Objects discussed thus far. Interiors of Terrestrial Planets. The Terrestrial Planets

Importance of Solar System Objects discussed thus far. Interiors of Terrestrial Planets. The Terrestrial Planets Importance of Solar System Objects discussed thus far Interiors of Terrestrial Planets Chapter 9 Sun: Major source of heat for the surfaces of planets Asteroids: Provide possible insight to the composition

More information

Imagine the first rock and the cycles that it has been through.

Imagine the first rock and the cycles that it has been through. A rock is a naturally formed, consolidated material usually composed of grains of one or more minerals The rock cycle shows how one type of rocky material gets transformed into another The Rock Cycle Representation

More information

Our Journey to the Center of the Earth.

Our Journey to the Center of the Earth. Our Journey to the Center of the Earth. Could we journey to the center of the Earth? If so, what do you think it would be like? http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zkynng ql7qm http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6bgmq2

More information

1 Inside the Earth. What are the layers inside Earth? How do scientists study Earth s interior?

1 Inside the Earth. What are the layers inside Earth? How do scientists study Earth s interior? CHAPTER 7 1 Inside the Earth SECTION Plate Tectonics BEFORE YOU READ After you read this section, you should be able to answer these questions: What are the layers inside Earth? How do scientists study

More information

10/27/2014. Before We Begin, You Need to Understand These Terms: Earth s Structural Key Elements & the Hazards of Plate Movement

10/27/2014. Before We Begin, You Need to Understand These Terms: Earth s Structural Key Elements & the Hazards of Plate Movement Earth s Structural Key Elements & the Hazards of Plate Movement Before We Begin, You Need to Understand These Terms: Density Convection Currents AICE EM: Lithosphere Key Content 1 & 2 Density: heat rises,

More information

Name Date Class. Directions: Use the diagram below to answer question Florida Progress Monitoring and Benchmark Assessments

Name Date Class. Directions: Use the diagram below to answer question Florida Progress Monitoring and Benchmark Assessments b e n c h m a r k t e s t : e a r t h a n d s p a c e s c i e n c e Multiple Choice 1. Geologists obtain indirect evidence about Earth s interior by A measuring pressure differences at Earth s surface.

More information

Theory of Plate Tectonics

Theory of Plate Tectonics Plate Tectonics Theory of Plate Tectonics Lithosphere is made of sections called plates that move around called continental drift Plates move because they float on the asthenosphere Most plates consist

More information

Chapter 2. The Planet Oceanus

Chapter 2. The Planet Oceanus Chapter 2 The Planet Oceanus Composition of the Earth The Earth consists of a series of concentric layers or spheres which differ in chemistry and physical properties. There are two different ways to describe

More information

Introduction. Volcano a vent where molten rock comes out of Earth

Introduction. Volcano a vent where molten rock comes out of Earth Introduction Volcano a vent where molten rock comes out of Earth Example: Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii Hot (~1,200 o C) lava pools around the volcanic vent. Hot, syrupy lava runs downhill as a lava flow. The

More information

Nebular Hypothesis (Kant, Laplace 1796) - Earth and the other bodies of our solar system (Sun, moons, etc.) formed from a vast cloud of dust and

Nebular Hypothesis (Kant, Laplace 1796) - Earth and the other bodies of our solar system (Sun, moons, etc.) formed from a vast cloud of dust and Plate Tectonics Origin of Universe Big Bang model (Hubble, 1929) - The universe began with an explosive e expansion of matter, which later became what we know as stars, planets, moons, etc. This event

More information

Why Does Oceanic Crust Sink Beneath Continental Crust At Convergent Boundaries

Why Does Oceanic Crust Sink Beneath Continental Crust At Convergent Boundaries Why Does Oceanic Crust Sink Beneath Continental Crust At Convergent Boundaries What is the process by which oceanic crust sinks beneath a deep-ocean Why does oceanic crust sink beneath continental crust

More information

GEOLOGY CURRICULUM. Unit 1: Introduction to Geology

GEOLOGY CURRICULUM. Unit 1: Introduction to Geology Chariho Regional School District - Science Curriculum September, 2016 GEOLOGY CURRICULUM Unit 1: Introduction to Geology OVERVIEW Summary In this unit students will be introduced to the field of geology.

More information

Plate Tectonics. Chapter 5

Plate Tectonics. Chapter 5 Plate Tectonics Chapter 5 Earth s Interior Scientists learn about the interior of Earth in 2 ways Direct Method Rock Samples Drilling Caves Earth s Interior Indirect Method Seismic Waves Speed of waves

More information

EASC100: EXAM1 (07) Lithosphere and Hydrosphere

EASC100: EXAM1 (07) Lithosphere and Hydrosphere EASC100: EXAM1 (07) Lithosphere and Hydrosphere Name: 1. Why do Mercury and the Moon lack an atmosphere? A) They formed after all the gas had been used up. B) They are so cold that all their gases have

More information

Most mafic magmas come from the upper mantle and lower crust. This handout will address five questions:

Most mafic magmas come from the upper mantle and lower crust. This handout will address five questions: IDS 102 Origin of Magma From our discussions of the structure of the interior of the Earth, it is clear that the upper parts of the Earth (crust and mantle) are mostly solid because s-waves penetrate those

More information

Isostasy and Tectonics Lab Understanding the Nature of Mobile Floating Lithospheric Plates

Isostasy and Tectonics Lab Understanding the Nature of Mobile Floating Lithospheric Plates Isostasy and Tectonics Lab Understanding the Nature of Mobile Floating Lithospheric Plates Crust Mantle Dynamics Introductory Geology Lab Ray Rector - Instructor Isostasy and Tectonics Laboratory Topics

More information

TEST NAME:Geology part 1 TEST ID: GRADE:06 - Sixth Grade SUBJECT:Life and Physical Sciences TEST CATEGORY: My Classroom

TEST NAME:Geology part 1 TEST ID: GRADE:06 - Sixth Grade SUBJECT:Life and Physical Sciences TEST CATEGORY: My Classroom TEST NAME:Geology part 1 TEST ID:1542715 GRADE:06 - Sixth Grade SUBJECT:Life and Physical Sciences TEST CATEGORY: My Classroom Geology part 1 Page 1 of 6 Student: Class: Date: 1. The picture below shows

More information

The Moon: Internal Structure & Magma Ocean

The Moon: Internal Structure & Magma Ocean The Moon: Internal Structure & Magma Ocean 1 Lunar Magma Ocean & Lunar Interior 2 Two possible views of the Moon s interior: The Moon: Internal Structure 3 Like Earth, the Moon is a differentiated body.

More information

Earth s s Topographic Regions

Earth s s Topographic Regions Earth s s Topographic Regions Continental Shields GEOLOGY OF THE USA Atlantic Ocean Crustal Ages Clues to Earth s s Surface Mountains only in certain areas Rock types differ regionally Shields in interior

More information

A) B) C) D) 4. Which diagram below best represents the pattern of magnetic orientation in the seafloor on the west (left) side of the ocean ridge?

A) B) C) D) 4. Which diagram below best represents the pattern of magnetic orientation in the seafloor on the west (left) side of the ocean ridge? 1. Crustal formation, which may cause the widening of an ocean, is most likely occurring at the boundary between the A) African Plate and the Eurasian Plate B) Pacific Plate and the Philippine Plate C)

More information

Plate Tectonics. By Destiny, Jarrek, Kaidence, and Autumn

Plate Tectonics. By Destiny, Jarrek, Kaidence, and Autumn Plate Tectonics By Destiny, Jarrek, Kaidence, and Autumn .The Denali Fault and San Andreas Fault - The San Andreas Fault is a continental transform fault that extends roughly 1300 km (810 miles) through

More information

The Main Point. Other Properties Earth has one large Moon. Earth has a strong Magnetic Field. Lecture #11: Earth: Geology and Interior

The Main Point. Other Properties Earth has one large Moon. Earth has a strong Magnetic Field. Lecture #11: Earth: Geology and Interior Lecture #11: Earth: Geology and Interior Overview of Earth's basic properties. Earth's Interior and Surface: Composition and Structure. Surface Geologic Processes. Evolution of the Surface. Reading: Chapters

More information

Igneous Rock. Magma Chamber Large pool of magma in the lithosphere

Igneous Rock. Magma Chamber Large pool of magma in the lithosphere Igneous Rock Magma Molten rock under the surface Temperature = 600 o 1400 o C Magma Chamber Large pool of magma in the lithosphere Magma chamber - most all magma consists of silicon and oxygen (silicate)

More information

EARTH'S INTERIOR MEGA PACKET MC

EARTH'S INTERIOR MEGA PACKET MC 1. Which two Earth layers are separated by the Moho boundary? A) rigid mantle and plastic mantle B) outer core and stiffer mantle C) stiffer mantle and asthenosphere D) crust and rigid mantle 2. A model

More information

I. Earth spheres A. Three major spheres 1. atmosphere, thin envelope 2. hydrosphere covers more than 71% of surface 3. geosphere from hydrosphere to

I. Earth spheres A. Three major spheres 1. atmosphere, thin envelope 2. hydrosphere covers more than 71% of surface 3. geosphere from hydrosphere to I. Earth spheres A. Three major spheres 1. atmosphere, thin envelope 2. hydrosphere covers more than 71% of surface 3. geosphere from hydrosphere to center 4. Biosphere penetrates all three, a. only thin

More information