Hong Kong Landscapes. Bernie Owen, Raynor Shaw. Published by Hong Kong University Press, HKU. For additional information about this book
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1 Hong Kong Landscapes Bernie Owen, Raynor Shaw Published by Hong Kong University Press, HKU Owen, Bernie & Shaw, Raynor. Hong Kong Landscapes: Shaping the Barren Rock. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press, HKU, Project MUSE., For additional information about this book No institutional affiliation (9 Nov :00 GMT)
2 Index Che Kwu Shan Formation chi A Chinese graves adits... 78,99, 114, 167 Chinese white dolphin afforestation... 23,85,97-99, Chi Ma Wan Granite agriculture Chi Ma Wan Peninsula , air-fall eruptions alluvium clans ammonites... 8 Clear Water Bay Formation ,224 amphibians and reptiles cliffs (sea) ancient settlement Closed Frontier Area Anderson Road Quarry coal animal biodiversity coastal environments anticline... 52, 193 coastal processes antiform beach boulders asymmetrical mountains beach deposits beach processes B beach terminology back-arc basin , 105 breakers badlands... 90, coral coasts basalt deltas base level... 56, delta sediments batholiths fluid density Beacon Hill , 186 headland erosion Beaufort Channel joint slots bedding planes... 26, 71 longshore drift beds artificial shores bioturbation... 57, 143 mangroves and muddy flats black-eared kite pebble beach (Tong Fuk) Bluff Head Formation... 29, 69, 122 planar cross beds borrow areas (offshore) ripples boulder fields rip currents breccia... 27, 228 sea arches bricks sea caves Brides Pool sea stacks Burmese python swash and backwash , 163 butterflies tidal flats tombolo... 76, C wavelength calderas... 8, , 154, 222 wave refraction calderas and columnar joints Cape D'Aguilar Marine Reserve Captain Charles Elliot Castle Peak Range.. 38, 84, 90, 92, 94, 96 catchwaters coastlines College of Medicine colluvium... 91, 158 compression conglomerate... 27, 68, 71-72,122,227 Chek Lap KokAirport contaminated mud
3 Intkx coquinas... 27, 143 Tolo Channel Fault Zone corals... 81, ,206,209,225 fault types corestones... 39, Fei Ngo Shan , 173 cormorants Feng Shui country parks Feng Shui woodland crested goshawk fissure eruptions , 135 Crooked Harbour floral diversity... 5 Crooked Island (See Kat 0) folds cuesta ,25 footpaths foraminifera D formations debris flows forts ,224 Deep Bay... 41,49,61 Fung Wong Shan deforestation detrital G diatoms gei wei... 41,55,64 differential erosion , 50, 71, 89 geological dating... 6 dip angle geological history ,29 dip slopes , Gin Drinker's Bay Discovery Bay glacials and interglacials dolphins ,209,215,218 golf courses , 226 dolphin habitat problems Government Hill Double Haven... 81, 229 Governor's Beach dykes.. 22,137,152, , granite... 22,86-87, 107, 154, ,192,218 dykes, feldsparphyric granite weathering granitic rock suites... 87, 107 E granodiorite... 22, earthquake risks graphite schist... 27,216 Earth movements... 25, 35, 52 Grassy Hill East Lamma Channel... 33, 211, 214 gullies... 90, erosion... 89, 148,200 escarpments H eutaxite Hakka , 111, 127, 145, 151 eutrophication half-life... 6 extrusive igneous rocks haze High Island Formation ,222,224 F hill fires Fan Lau historical change Fan Lau Granite City of Victoria faults Hong Kong Island Lantau Kowloon orientation northwest New Territories rock weakening... 19, 194,225 Hoi Ha Wan Marine Park thrust fault (Double Island) Hoklo... 62, 151 thrust fault (Tiu Tang Lung) Hong Kong Island
4 Hong Kong minerals Tung Lung Island Hong Kong and Shanghai Bank Waglan Island human impacts (offshore) ,214 Wang Chau human occupation... 61,82, 109, 113 West Brother Island , ,164,204 Yim Tin Tsai isostacy I Ice Age J ignimbrite James Hutton insects joints intrusive igneous rocks columnar... 37,45,136 islands ,225 Ap Chau erosion Basalt Island rock weakening , 225 Beaufort Island sheeting... 37,221 Bluff Island structure and types Brothers Islands ,216 tectonic Chek Chau Chek Lap Kok ,216 K Cheung Chau , 220 Kadoorie Farm Dangan Islands Kai Sai Chau Volcanic Group Double Island Karn Tin... 34,63 East Brother Island Karn Tin Valley Hei Ling Chau ,220 kaolin... 34, 167 Jin Island Kap Man Hang... 17, 147 Kat Kat 0 Formation... 29, 228 Kau Sai Chau Kowloon and Canton Railway Kau Yi Chau Kiu Tsui Country Park Lung Kwu Chau koel Ninepin Islands KopTong Peng Chau Kowloon Granite , 176 Ping Chau... 74,81, Kowloon Walled City Po Toi , 222 Kwun Yam See Chau Sharp Island , L Sha Chau ,216 lahars... 9, 106, 153 Shek Kwu Chau Shelter Island , 226 Lai Chi Chong Formation Lai Chi Wo Siu A Chau Lamma Soko Islands Sunshine Island , 220 Tai A Chau ,218 Lam Tei Quarry Lam Tsuen Valley... 33, 54, 56 landfills Tai Tau Chau Tap Mun Town Island Tree Island landscapes (coastal) landscapes (granitic) landscapes (joints & faults) landscapes (sedimentary)
5 Imb.x landscapes (volcanic) landscape colours carbon copper iron manganese landscape photographs Aberdeen Reservoirs Anderson Road Quarry Ap Chau... 24, 70, 228 Basalt Island... 45,226 Beaufort Island Bluff Head... 28,69 Bluff Head Ridge... 25, 67 Bluff Island... 19,45,208,225 boundary stones Brides Pool Buffalo Hill... iii, 245 Byewash Reservoir Castle Peak Range... 23, 84, 90 92,96 Castle Peak Range waterfalls catchwater (Hong Kong Island) Chek Chau... 70, 227 Chek Keng Chek Lap Kok reclamation Cheung Chau ,220 Cheung Sha Beach Cheung Uk Chi Ma Wan Peninsula ,160 Closed Frontier Area columnar jointing , ,223 Crescent Island Crooked Harbour dolphins , 172,216 Double Island Dragon Pool Dragon's Back Fanling Fan Lau... 43, 157 Fan Lau Fort Fei Ngo Shan , 183 Governor's Beach Grassy Hill Hei Ling Chau High Island Reservoir HokTau Hong Kong Island Kai Kung Leng... 34, 48, 53 Kam Shan Country Park... III Kam Shan (reservoirs) Kam Tin (floodplain) Kap Man Hang... 16, 229 Kat ,74, 229 KopTong Kowloon ,180,234 Ko Lau Wan Kwun Yam... 34, 106 Lai Chi Wo Lamma , 199,222,238 Lamma (Sham Wan) Lamma (slump) Lam Tsuen Valley Lam Uk
6 Lantau Peak , 156, 167 Sai Kung East Country Park Legislative Council (building) Sai Kung (islands) , 148 Lin Ma Hang (bats) Sai Wan , 148 Lin Ma Hang (mine)... 78, 79 Sharp Island Lion Rock... v,47, 174, 176, 186 Sharp Peak... 14, 131, 148 Long Harbour Sha Chau Long Ke Sha Lo Tung Long Ke Tsai Sha Tau Kok Lower Shing Mun Reservoir Sha Tin , 109, 115 Lui Ta Shek (panorama) Shek N ga Shan Luk Keng ShekO Lung Kwu Chau Shing Mun Gorge Lung Kwu Tan... 20,23 Shing Mun Redoubt (tunnels) Lung Tsai Ng Yuen Gardens shotcrete macaques , 188 Shui Hau tidal flat Mai Po... 32,41,49,55,62 Shui Lo Cho , 162 silver mine (Mui Wo) mangroves , 160 Siu A Chau MaanShan ,14,117 slopes (mist nets) Ma On Shan Country Park slopes (stone pitching) Ma On Shan (landslips) Soko Islands , 217 Ma Shi Chau South Ninepin Island Ma Wan Chung squatter communities Mirror Pool St. John's (cathedral) Murray House Stone Trail... 16, 236 Nei Lak Shan stream erosion Ngau Ngak Shan Sunset Peak Nga Ying Shan Sunshine Island N gong Ping Tai Hang Valley North Lantau Expressway Tai Lam Country Park... 85, 96 North Ninepin Island Tai Lam Reservoir Pat Sin Leng... 17,80 Tai Long Wan... 1, 40, 140 Pearl River Estuary (islands) Tai Mo Shan , 103, 106 Peng Chau Tai , 166 pill boxes ,205 Tai Po Ping Chau... 30, 74, 228 Tai Tam Tuk Reservoir Ping Fung Shan... 18,70 Tai To Yan... 34, 53 Plover Cove Reservoir TapMun Plover Cove Country Park tea terraces Pok Fu Lam Reservoir Tian Tan Buddha Pok Fu Lam Valley Tin Hau temple Po Pin Chau Tiu Tang Lung... 70,74 Po Toi Tolo Channel Queen's Rd Town Island Robin's Nest (panorama) Tung Chung Sai Kung coastal erosion trawling
7 Tsim Chau Tsing Ma Bridge TuenMun Tung Lung Island Turret Hill Two International Finance Centre 198 University of Hong Kong Victoria Harbour , 173, 189 Waglan Island Wang Leng Waterfall Bay weathered profiles white-bellied sea eagles Wong Chuk Shan Wu Kau Tang Yam , 169 Yi landslides ,202 land animals... 5 land area... 4 land sales Lantau... 36,42,87, Lantau (country parks) Lantau (dyke swarm) Lantau Granite , 192 Lantau Peak Lantau (vegetation) Lantau Volcanic Group Lan Tau Pai Lau Fau Shan lead Lead Mine Pass Legislative Council (building) Lei Yue Mun Gap leopard cat levee Lianhuashan Fault Zone limestone... 7, 27 Lin Fa Shan Lin Ma Hang Lion Rock Lok Ma Chau Formation Long Harbour Long Harbour Formation Luk Chau Shan M macaques , 188, 206 magma ,22,86, , 192,220 magma chambers... 8,86, 107, 121,218 Mai Po... 49, 55, mangroves... 41,49,64, 142 Mang Kung Uk Formation maps (geology) central New Territories eastern New Territories Hong Kong... 13,21,25 Hong Kong Island and Lamma islands (off eastern Lantau) islands (Mirs Bay) islands (Po Toi group) islands (Rocky Harbour and Port Shelter) islands (Soko) islands (southeastern) islands (western) Kowloon and Lion Rock Lantau Ma On Shan (iron mine) Needle Hill northeastern New Territories northwestern New Territories southeastern New Territories Shui Hau (tidal flat) Victoria Peak western New Territories maps (miscellaneous) calderas Cape D'Aguilar Marine Reserve Castle Peak Range central New Territories city of Victoria coastal change (Mai Po) coastal change (northwestern New Territories) coastal erosion eastern New Territories faults (Kowloon reservoirs) fault valleys (Hong Kong Island) Hong Kong Island human impacts (sea floor) islands (Hong Kong)
8 Japanese Invasion Kam Tin River Kowloon and Lion Rock (hills) Kowloon (pluton) Kowloon (weathering front) Lantau Lantau (country parks) late Quaternary late Quaternary (shorelines) late Quaternary (vegetation) Ma On Shan (iron mine) northeastern New Territories NgTung River north Lantau (marine problems) northwestern New Territories ocean currents Ping Chau Marine Park Pleistocene (rivers) , 212 reclamations (Victoria Harbour) reclamations (western New Territories) Scheduled Areas sea floor bathymmetry sea Levels (Sai Kung) Sha Tin Valley (development) Shing Mun Redoubt southeastern New Territories tidal pathways Tolo Channel (fault) Tuen Mun (weathering front) weather western New Territories Yan Chau Tong Marine Park marble... 7,27,50, 116, 123 mariculture , 229 marine parks marine salinity gradients mass movements Ma On Shan , 123 Ma On Shan Formation Ma On Shan (iron mine) , 124 metamorphic rocks migrating volcanoes minerals biotite , 100 calcite feldspar... 22, 86, 100, 154 fluorite galena... 78, 100, 114, 166 graphite ,216 haematite hornblende limonite magnetite molybdenite , 114 pyrite quartz... 22, 78, 86, 100, 154 silver sphalerite wolframite , 114, 167 mining kaolin Lin Fa Shan (tungsten, adits) Lin Ma Hang (lead) Ma On Shan (iron) Needle Hill (tungsten) Silver Mine Bay (silver) West Brother Island (graphite) mining (landscape scars) Mirs Bay mist nets monzonite mountain streams Mt. Butler Granite ,176,192 Mt. Butler Quarry Mt. Stenhouse mudstone... 27, 71 mud flats Mui Wo Murray House N Nautilus... 8 NeedleHill ,114 Needle Hill Granite , 114, ,175 Nei Lak Shan , 172 New Towns Ngau Ngak Shan , 123 Ngo Mei Chau Formation NgTung Chai Waterfalls nuee ardente
9 nullahs photographs (marine) anemones o corals (Hoi Ha Wan) ocean currents corals (Ping Chau)... 81, 209 ocean waves corals (Soko Islands) offshore buried landscapes diatoms oldest lighthouse foraminifera oysters mudskippers ray (Soko Islands) p starfish (Soko Islands) Pat Sin Leng... 17,67 Pat Sin Leng Formation ,69-70 paved trackways Peak Tram pearls Pearl River photographs (aerial) Kowloon and Sha Tin... 3 photographs (miscellaneous) abandoned villages bedding planes... 26, 71 Kam Tin (nullah) Kam Tin River (point bar) mangrove leaves potholes photographs (rocks and sediments) Lin Fa Shan basalt photographs (historical) basaltic andesite Kowloon Walled City , 180 beach sands Sheung Shui (floodplains) biotite granite Tide Cove (Sha Tin) coal
10 conglomerate... 18,72 population pressures gneiss Port Island Formation ,227 granite... 22, 87 Port Shelter granite (Po Toi) potholes granodiorite Po Lin (monastery) graphite schist... 27,216 Po Shan Road (landslide) ignimbrite Po Toi Granite limestone public housing marble Punti... 62, 127 monzonite pebbles (Tong Fuk coast) pebbles (and Tai 0 Formation) phyllite porphyry Q quarries , quartz veins pumice tuffs R rhyodacite radioactive elements... 6 rhyolite... 22, 121, 135, 155 reclamations rhyolite (feldsparphyric) Central rhyolitic hyaloclastite Chek Lap Kok sand coastal sandstone (Bluff Head) Kowloon , 182 sandstone (Chek Chau) nonhwest New Territories sandstone (Ping Fung Shan) Sha Tin sandy ripples red tides schist reefs shale... 51, 72 religion and Lantau shale (Sai Kung Country Park) Repulse Bay Volcanic Group siltstone (Ma Shi Chau) reservoirs siltstone (Ping Chau) Aberdeen Reservoir siltstone (Shek Uk Shan) siltstone and quartz tuff... 15, 18, 135 pill boxes Byewash Reservoir High Island Reservoir Hong Kong Kowloon Ping Chau Formation... 29,228 Kowloon Reservoir Ping Fung Shan... 18, 26, 30 Plover Cove Reservoir Ping Shan Pok Fu Lam Reservoir pirates and fons Reception Reservoir plantation trees Shek Lei Pui Reservoir plate boundary... 14, 105 Shek Pik Reservoir , 156 plate tectonics Pleistocene rivers Plover Cove plunge pool... 72, 94 plutons... 22, 176 pollution , 234 population movements Shing Mun Reservoir Tai Lam Chung Reservoir Tai Tam Reservoir Wong Nei Chung Reservoir rhyodacite ,218 rhyolite ,22, 122, ,221 ria
11 Intkx rills rivers alluvium base level... 56, 59 floodplains... 54, 56, levee maturity nullahs oxbow lake point bar ,66 rejuvenation river processes terraces Robin's Nest rock carvings (Nam Tam Wan) rock platforms... 46,76 S Sai Lau Kong Formation salt pans (Lan tau) sandstone... 27,68,71, 122,227,229 sand dunes Scheduled Areas sea caves... 45, 139 sea level change... 10, , sedimentary formations sedimentary rock colours seismic profiles Sha Chau and Lung KwuChau Marine Park ,215 Sham Chun River Sham Wan Sha Lo Wan Sha Tau Kok... 18,33,63,75 Sha Tin , Sha Tin Granite ,121,154,175 Sha Tin Valley... 33, 108 sheeting joints (See joints, sheeting) Shek Kip Mei (squatter village) Shek Kong Shek 0 Quarry Shek Uk Shan Shing MUll Formation , 133, 153 Shing MUll Redoubt , 188 Shing MUll Valley shotcrete Shui Chuen 0 Granite , 121, 175 Shui Hau Shui Ngau Shan silica sills siltstone... 27, 68, 227 Sir Murray MacLehose skarn slopes (stability and maintenance) slumps , soil pipes Sok Kwu Wan Quarry sombrero islands South Lamma Granite spheroidal weathering spring sapping stacks... 45, 138 Starling Inlet stone pitching Strike-slip fault (See faults, types) subduction... 14, 88, 105 subtidal platforms Sunset Peak superposition... 6 supratidal platforms syncline... 52, 193 synform T Tai Chau Tai Lam Country Park Tai Lam Granite Tai LongTsui Tai Long Wan... 47, 140 Tai Mo Shan Tai Mo Shan Formation , 228 Tai Tai 0 Formation Tai Po Granodiorite , 192 Tai Po Kau Tai Po Pass Tanka Tate's Cairn tea terraces tension (crustal) terrace walls
12 thrust fault (See faults, types) volcanic groups Tian Tan Buddha volcanic rocks tidal channels volcanoes tides Tin Hau ,218 W Tolo Channel... 33,74, 108 Wang Leng Tolo Channel Formation waterfalls... 16, 37, 71-73, 94-95, 102 Tolo Harbour Formation ,153, tors weather toxic sea floor pits weathered granite , 92 Trappist Haven Monastery (Lantau) weathering , 176, 179 tropical hardwoods (Yam 0) weathering front tropical rainforests... 60, 129 weepholes Tsing Ma Bridge wetlands... 41,49,55 Tsing Shan Granite white-bellied sea eagle Tsuen Wan wildlife... 77, , 116 Tsuen Wan Volcanic Group , ,160,188, TuenMun wildlife (marine) ,226 tuffs , 19,68,87, 121, 193 wild boar , Wong Leng Tung Chung , 232 World War II Turret Hill Wu Kau Tang turtle nesting Two International Finance Centre Yan Chau Tong U Yim Tin Tsai Formation , 193 unconformity Yuen Long uncontaminated mud dumping Yuen Long Formation uniformitarianism Yuen Long Plain... 54, 55 University of Hong Kong Yuen Tsuen (ancient trail) urbanisation and streams urban canyons urban climates urban development urban geological mapping urban geology urban pollution Urmston Rd V valley deltas and progradation Victoria Peak Vietnamese refugees volcanic arc volcanic ash volcanic bomb y 252
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