The development and implementation of The Global Atmospheric Pollution Forum Air Pollutant Emissions Inventory Manual

Transcription

1 The development and implementation of The Global Atmospheric Pollution Forum Air Pollutant Emissions Inventory Manual Harry Vallack, Stockholm Environment Institute (SEI) University of York, UK

2 Presentation overview The Global Atmospheric Pollution Forum The problem Evolution of the Forum Manual Objectives the approach Description of the Forum Manual and its companion Workbook Implementation and dissemination of the Forum Manual

3 The Global Atmospheric Pollution Forum Launched at the 13 th World Clean Air Congress in 2004 an initiative of IUAPPA and SEI The Forum brings together the main regional policy networks and research initiatives concerned with the abatement of air pollution

4 Aims: 1. Provide a framework for dialogue and co-operation among regional air pollution organisations 2. Encourage harmonization of systems and approaches to facilitate cooperation at inter-continental, hemispheric and global scales 3. Provide a forum for debate on issues such as the interaction of climate change and pollution, and in particular the policies and institutions needed to tackle pollution at the hemispheric and global scales 4. Encourage the establishment of new regional networks in areas where they do not currently exist, and encourage capacity-building in those regions constrained by a lack of resources

5 The problem: Damage to people, buildings, crops, animals and ecosystems

6 Evolution of the Forum Manual In 2000, SEI developed the Manual for Preparation of Emissions Inventories for use in Modeling of Transboundary Air Pollution for northeast Asia In 2001, and based on the above, a new manual was developed in close consultation with, and tailored to the needs of, the Malé Declaration countries of South Asia. In 2005, a similar manual was developed for the Air Pollution Information Network - Africa (APINA) countries of southern Africa again tailored to the requirements of these countries.

7 Evolution of the Forum Manual In 2006, a Global Atmospheric Pollution Forum project brought together emissions experts from Asia, Africa, Latin America and Europe to: identify those features of existing approaches appropriate for countries with less developed capacity in emissions inventory compilation to develop consensus on good practice to produce a more generally applicable manual and companion workbook (the Forum Manual) based on the Malé Declaration and APINA manuals

8 The Global Atmospheric Pollution Forum Air Pollutant Emissions Inventory Manual Version 1 July 2006

9 Objectives the approach The Forum Manual is designed to be: Relevant - experts from Brazil, China, India and Malawi had a key role in developing the Forum Manual Easy to use includes a simple, Excel spreadsheet-based workbook in which most calculations are carried out automatically Compatible - with EMEP/CORINAIR, IPCC and USEPA approaches A training tool e.g. includes a section on Principles of good practice in preparing inventories

10 Objectives of the approach The Excel workbook is designed to be: Flexible - workbook can be modified by the user (with care!) - can use either the default emission factors (offered in workbook) or others of their own choosing - compiling large point sources (LPS) emissions is optional - choice of very simple or more detailed methods for compiling transport emissions Transparent - formulae used for calculations are shown - source references for default emission factors given Appropriate - not too data hungry - locally-relevant default emission factors given where possible (e.g. domestic fuel use, crop residue burning)

11 Emission factors for domestic fuel combustion Emission factors as g/kg fuel dry wt (and kg/tj) Study/Fuel type SO 2 NO x CO NH 3 TSP China (Zhang et. al., 2000) Wood (ultimate emission) (0.51) Crop residues (14.3) Coal/coal briquettes 2.67 (97.8) Kerosene (0.58) Gases 0.33 (6.87) 1.2 (73) 0.70 (47) 0.91 (34) 1.10 (25) 1.76 (37) 69.2 (4260) 86.3 (5730) 71.3 (2610) 7.39 (171) 3.72 (77.5) (235) (535) (47.6) (3.1) (5.4) India (Smith et. al. 2000) Wood (5490) Crop residues (4650) Charcoal (10700) LPG (326) Biogas (110) Kerosene (925) Dung Zambia (Bertschi et. al. 2003) Open wood cooking fires (209) Charcoal cooking fires (72) (3680) 96 (6400) 134 (4470) (156) (317) (92.3) (11.2) (29.6) (14.2) (137)

12 The air pollutants included in the Forum emission inventory manual Sulphur dioxide (SO 2 ) Nitrogen oxides (NO X ) Particulate matter (PM 10 and PM 2.5 ) Ammonia (NH 3 ) The tropospheric ozone (O 3 ) precursors (in addition to NO X ): Carbon monoxide (CO) Non-methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOCs)

13 Movement and impacts of air pollution at different scales Household Urban Peri-urban Regional Hemispheric/Global The Forum Manual could be applied at any scale (e.g. city, province, country or region) as long as reliable activity data are available at that same scale.

14 Summary of anthropogenic emission source categories used in the manual Energy sources: 1 Combustion in the Energy Industries 2 Combustion in Manufacturing Industries and Construction 3 Transport 4 Combustion in Other Sectors 5 Fugitive emissions from fuels Other source sectors: Industrial Processes Solvent and Other Product Use Agriculture Vegetation Fires & Forestry Waste

15 Forum emission inventory Excel workbook: Main menu Global Atmospheric Pollution Forum Emissions Inventory Workbook Template - Version 1.1 Template prepared by: Stockholm Environment Institute at York (SEI-Y) Date last modified: 09/10/2006 User must enter inventory details here: Inventory year: 2000 Region: Some continent Country: Someland Province/City: (if applicable) MENU OVERVIEW Menu1 Menu2 Menu3 Menu4 Menu5 Menu6 Menu7 Sectors 1. to 4. Fuel combustion activities Sector 5. Fugitive emissions (non-combustion) for fuels Sector 3. Fuel combustion activities. Sector: Transport (Detailed method) Sector 6. Industrial processes (non-combustion) emissions Sector 7. Solvent and other product use Sector 8. Agriculture Sector 9. Vegetation fires and Forestry. Menu8 Menu9 Sector 10. Waste Large Point sources Sheet 9 Summary sheet - Annual emissions of each pollutant by source sector References

16 The Forum emission inventory Excel workbook: menu 4 Sector 6. Industrial processes (non-combustion) emissions Back to Back to Main Sheet: 2.1 Process (non-combustion) emissions from the production of mineral products. Sheet: 2.2 Process (non-combustion) emissions from the production of chemicals. Sheet: 2.3 Process (non-combustion) emissions from metal production. Sheet: 2.4 Process (non-combustion) emissions of SO 2, NOx and NMVOCs from pulp and paper production. Sheet: 2.5 Process (non-combustion) emissions of NMVOC from alcoholic beverage manufacture. Sheet: 2.6 Process (non-combustion) emissions of NMVOC, PM 10, and PM 2.5 from food production Sheet: 2.7 Fugitive emissions of particulate matter from major building construction activities.

17 Worksheet for Process (non-combustion) emissions from metal production A B C D E Activity rate SO 2 emission SO 2 NO x emission NO x (kt product/ factor emissions factor emissions year) (kg SO 2 /t) (Tonnes) (kg NO x /t) (Tonnes) Process Default (A x B) Default (A x D) Pig iron production 3 a d 0 Aluminium production 15.1 e e 0 Copper smelting (primary) 2120 f 0 Lead smelting (primary) 320 g 0 (secondary) 40 h 0 Zinc smelting (primary) 1000 g 0 Other (please specify) 0 0 Total emissions 0 0

18 Sheet 9 Summary sheet - Annual emissions of each pollutant by source sector Total emissions (kilotonnes pollutant per year (kt/yr)) Sector Sub-sector SO 2 NO x CO NMVOC NH 3 PM 10 PM Combustion in the Public Electricity and Heat Energy Industries Petroleum Refining Manufacture of Solid Fuels and Other Energy Combustion in Manufacturing Iron and Steel Industries and construction Non-ferrous metals Non-metallic minerals Chemicals Pulp, Paper and print Mining and Quarrying Construction Other (Please specify in sheet 1.1.1a, 1.1.1b or 1.1.1c) Autoproduction of electricity/heat Remainder (Non-specified) Transport Civil Aviation (Simple--not used if Detailed used) Civil Aviation (Detailed) Road transport (Simple--not used if Detailed used) Road transport (Detailed) Railways Navigation Pipeline transport Non-specified transport Combustion in Other Sectors Commercial/Institutional Residential Agriculture/Forestry/Fishing Non-specified "Other sectors" Fugitive emissions from fuels Production of coke Oil exploration and crude oil production and transport 0.00 Oil refining Distribution and handling of gasoline 0.00 Production and distribution of natural gas Flaring during oil and gas extraction Industrial processes Mineral products Chemicals Metals Pulp and paper Food and drink Major construction site activities (Fugitive PM only) Solvent and other product use Agriculture Manure management 0.00 Application of N-containing fertilizers Burning of agricultural crop residues Vegetation fires and Forestry On-site burning of forests and grasslands Waste Waste incineration Human excreta 0.00 Total anthropogenic

19 Implementation of approach The improvements of the Forum approach have fed into the ongoing training activities of the Sida-funded Regional Air Pollution in Developing Countries (RAPIDC) programme Malé Declaration Countries of South Asia: First of three planned training workshop was held in Bangkok in July participants from all 8 countries (Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Iran, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka) APINA (Air Pollution Information Network - Africa): First training workshop held in Blantyre, Malawi in February 2006 and the 2nd held in Cape Town, South Africa in September 2006 (Botswana, Malawi, Mozambique, Tanzania, South Africa, Zambia and Zimbabwe)

20 Implementation of approach Dissemination of Forum Manual to all member networks of the Global Atmospheric Pollution Forum (and others): The Forum Manual can be downloaded from or soon from Promotion and dissemination of Forum Manual via international workshops and conferences Training within other air pollution networks in other regions Development of future programme to further improve and enhance the Manual and Workbook Implementing related projects (e.g. developing appropriate emission factors for non-oecd countries)

21 Acknowledgements Dr Kristin Rypdal (Centre for International Climate and Environmental Research - Oslo) is co-author of the Forum Manual. Mr Gabriel Branco (Brazil), Dr Sumana Bhattacharya (India), Prof. Jiming Hao (China) and Mr Kenneth Gondwe (Malawi) provided their expertise both before and during a workshop held in York in July The project was co-sponsored by the BOC Foundation, the US EPA and the Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (Sida) as part of the SEI coordinated RAPIDC programme.

22 If one takes no thought about what is distant.. one will find sorrow near at hand. Confucius (551 BC BC) Thank you