Appendix 1. Periodic Table and Atomic Structure. History of the idea of elements.

Transcription

1 Appendix 1 Detailed list of additions and deletions This appendix provides a detailed list of additions and deletions compared with the former (1983) Leaving Certificate Chemistry syllabus. Completely new syllabus subsections are denoted by *. Underlined material refers to the Higher level syllabus only. The numbering, in this section refers directly to the syllabus, for example 1.1, 2.1, etc. Section 1: Periodic Table and Atomic Structure 1.1 Periodic Table History of the idea of elements. 1.2 Atomic Structure Outline of the historical development of atomic theory. Fundamental processes that occur in a mass spectrometer. 1.3 * Radioactivity * 1.4 Electronic Structure of Atoms Organisation of particles in atoms 1-20 (numbers of electrons in each main energy level). Social and applied aspects. Electronic configurations of ions of d-block metals. Emission spectra. Evidence for energy levels. Energy sub-levels. Atomic orbitals. Electronic configurations (s, p, etc.) of atoms and ions. Ionisation energy.

2 1.5 Oxidation and Reduction Electrolysis of aqueous potassium iodide solution. Displacement reactions of metals-experiment. Social and applied aspects. Electrolysis of aqueous copper sulfate using inert electrodes. Faraday's Laws. Section 2: Chemical Bonding General properties of typical chlorides and oxides. 2.1 Chemical Compounds 2.2 Ionic Bonding Test for phosphate ion. Tests for bromide, iodide and thiosulfate ions. Tests for sulfite and hydrogencarbonate ions. 2.3 Covalent Bonding Distinction between sigma and pi bonding. Polarity test for liquids. 2.5 Shapes of Molecules and Intermolecular Forces Shapes of molecules with pi bonds. Intermolecular forces. Electron pair repulsion theory. 2.6 Oxidation Numbers Oxidation numbers.

3 Section 3: Stoichiometry, Formulas and Equations 3.1 Particulate Nature of Matter Bromine diffusion experiment. Oil film experiment. Brownian movement. 3.2 Gas Laws 3.3 The Mole Boyle's law. Charles' law. Law of combining volumes experiment. Dalton's law. Graham's law. Kinetic theory of gases. PV = nrt. Gay-Lussac's law of combining volumes. Avogadro's law. 3.4 Chemical Formulas Formula determination experiment. Calculation of empirical formulas, given the masses of reactants and products. 3.5 Chemical Equations Calculations involving excess of one reactant.

4 Section 4: Volumetric Analysis 4.1 Concentration of Solutions Calculation of effect of dilution on concentration. Concentrations in % (w/v) and % (w/w) Calculations involving % (w/v) % (v/v) and % (w/w). 4.2 Acids and Bases Brönsted-Lowry theory. 4.3 Volumetric Analysis Added to Ordinary Determination of the concentration of ethanoic acid in vinegar. Determination of iron in an iron tablet. Experiment to determine the amount of water of crystallisation in a compound. Experiment to determine the percentage (w/v) of hypochlorite in bleach. Use of a hydrochloric acid and sodium hydroxide titration to prepare a salt - experiment. Permanganate and ethanedioate titrations. Back titrations.

5 Section 5: Fuels and Heats of Reaction 5.1 Sources of Hydrocarbons Hazards of methane production. Methane as a contributor to the greenhouse effect. 5.2 Structure of Aliphatic Hydrocarbons Isomers of hydrocarbons with more than four carbon atoms (except pentane). 5.3 Aromatic hydrocarbons Structure of ethylbenzene. 5.4 Exothermic and Endothermic Reactions Heat of combustion experiment. Calculation of empirical formulas from combustion data. Bond energy calculations. Kilogram calorific value calculations. Heat of neutralisation. Hess's law. 5.5 Oil Refining and its Products Composition of natural gas and LPG. Addition of mercaptans to natural gas. Petrol and octane numbers. Distillation of crude oil experiment. Cracking experiment. 5.6 Other Chemical Fuels Addition reactions of alkynes.

6 Section 6: Rates of Reaction 6.1 Reaction Rates Monitoring the rate of production of oxygen from hydrogen peroxide, using manganese dioxide as a catalyst - experiment. 6.2 Factors affecting Rates of Reaction Section 7: Organic Chemistry 7.1 Tetrahedral Carbon Traditional names for organic compounds. Chloroalkanes. 7.2 Planar Carbon Traditional names for organic compounds. Ketones. 7.3 Organic Chemical Reaction Types Combustion of organic compounds. Social and applied aspects (most of). Evidence for reaction mechanisms. Organic synthesis: principles and examples. Specific reaction conditions for organic chemical reactions. Dehydrogenation of alcohols. Chlorination of alcohols. Breathalyser. Hydrolysis of chloroalkanes. Industrial preparation of most organic compounds. Mechanism of free radical polymerisation. Oxidation of secondary alcohols. Acid hydrolysis of esters.

7 Use of LiAlH 4 and NaBH 4 to reduce carbonyl compounds. Condensation reactions of aldehydes and ketones. Experiment involving Brady s reagent. 7.4 * Organic Natural Products * 7.5 Chromatography and Instrumentation in Organic Chemistry Instrumental methods of separation and analysis, and their uses. Section 8: Chemical Equilibrium K c determination experiment. K p. 8.2 Le Chatelier's Principle Cobalt chloride experiment. Bismuth chloride experiment. N 2 O 4 /NO 2 experiments. Section 9: Environmental Chemistry: Water It is strongly recommended that students visit a water treatment plant, industrial or municipal. 9.1 ph Scale Choice of indicator. K w. 9.2 Hardness in Water Tests on scale deposits in a kettle. 9.3 Water Treatment Pollution by heavy metal ions, and their removal by precipitation.

8 9.4 Water Analysis Instrumental methods of analysis and their uses. Colorimetric experiment. Option 1A: Additional Industrial Chemistry It is strongly recommended that students visit a local chemical industry, and that this visit be a structured one. Properties of nitric acid, nitrates, sulfites and sulfuric acid. Experiment to determine ammonia in a fertiliser. Industrial manufacture of sulfuric acid. 1A.1 * Principles of Industrial Chemistry * 1A.2 * Case Studies * Option 1B: Atmospheric Chemistry 1B.1 Oxygen 1B.2 Nitrogen 1B.3 Carbon Dioxide The greenhouse effect (detailed treatment). Other social and applied aspects. Demonstration. Carbon dioxide in water. 1B.4 Atmospheric Pollution Demonstration. Scrubbing of waste gases. 1B.5 * The Ozone Layer *

9 Option 2A: Materials (Crystals, Addition Polymers, Metals) 2A.1 Crystals Metallic crystals. 2A.2 Addition Polymers Historical aspects. Recycling. Poly(propene). Demonstration. Polyesters. Poly(propenonitrile). Preparation of poly(phenylethene) experiment. Option 2B: Additional Electrochemistry and the Extraction of Metals Fuel cells. 2B. 1 The Electrochemical Series Historical aspects. The effect of heat on metal nitrates, carbonates, and hydroxides. Reactions of metals with air, water and acids. 2B.4 Strongly Electropositive Metals (Na and Al) Recycling of aluminium. Extraction, occurrence and uses of calcium and magnesium. 2B.5 d-block Metals Electric arc process for steel manufacture. Detail on extraction, occurrence and uses of copper and zinc.