Session 3: Spatial Diagnosis of Mobility and Accessibility in Urban Mobility Systems

Transcription

1 MESTRADO EM ENGENHARIA CIVIL MESTRADO EM URBANISMO E ORDENAMENTO DO TERRITÓRIO MESTRADO EM PLANEAMENTO E OPERAÇÃO DE TRANSPORTES Urban Mobility Management Main lecturer: Prof. Rosário Macário Assistent: Engª Camila Garcia Theory Lectures Session 3: Spatial Diagnosis of Mobility and Accessibility in 1

2 Mobility Plans Mobility Plans political instruments integrated into Master Plan containing guidelines, projects, actions and measures aimed at providing broad and democratic access to the city opportunities and to enable appropriate conditions to the population mobility and the logistic distribution of goods and services. Key concept for Mobility Plans formulations: Mobility: personal ability to use multiple modes without considering the opportunities to be achieved. Accessibility: degree of easiness to reach locations using a given mode without considering the actual personal ability of use this mode. Equity: provide same accessibility and mobility opportunities to the entire population (vertical and horizontal) Sustentability: ability to travel in order to perform the basic citizens rights, with the lowest possible energy consumption and hence lower environmental impact, making the travels environmentally sustainable. 2

3 UMS Characterization and Diagnosis Spatial Diagnosis of Mobility and Accessibility in Planning Process Surveys Characterization and Diagnosis Solutions Proposition Solution Assessment Diagnose: determine the existence of an illness (problem) by the observation of its symptoms (characteristics) and the analysis of several tests (allocation, spatial analysis, etc.) Characterization preceeds the diagnosis and comprises the description of the parameters related to both supply and demand system and can be enriched by the parameters assessment in relation to standards values. Diagnosis uses characterization results and has the objective of identify the cause and effect relationships of the problems related to UMS. The use of indicators and modeling tools is essential at this stage to allow a better understanding and validation of the current panorama of the UMS analyzed. 3

4 Disaggregation Spatial Diagnosis of Mobility and Accessibility in Indicators Main elements of information in the process and provide knowledge about the various themes addressed by decision makers Concepts definitions: Data: is the most basic component of an indicator and represents the values of the attributes related to an object or entity Indicator: is a representative parameter derived from data and are used to illustrate in a concise and easy to interpret way the main characteristic of an object Index: is a combination of two or more indicators and is commonly used at more aggregated levels of analysis (strategic level) Information: is the result of the indicators and indices analysis and is the base for a sound decision-making. Indices Indicators Anayzed data Primary data Information 4

5 Indicators Different types of indicators should be considered according to the different needs of information and the various types of analysis: Operational: are normally disaggregated data about a particular object that are used to support the day-to-day decisions (output indicators) Tactical: are results of the analysis of various operational indicators that allow to have an overview on a particular topic and are used at intermediate levels of decision (outcome indicators) Strategic: allow an overall assessment of objectives and are used at the highest levels of decision (impact indicators) To fulfill their function of providing information is necessary to define: type of analyses: base-line, threshold, target and comparison form of presentation: text, graphics and maps 5

6 The Urban Mobility Network Networks are the representation of the structure and flows of transport systems. nodes represent the access or crossing points links represents the connection between those nodes lines are also included to represent routes in case of public transport networks Networks primary characteristics: reflects the structure of the network Topology: arrangement and connectivity of links and nodes Geometry: spacing, shape, orientation, density and geometric patterns of the network Linear Mesh Star (hub-and-spoke) Hierarchy: heterogeneity in terms of functional and operational differentiation of roads/lines 6

7 The Urban Mobility Network The network structure can be measured through indicators developed based on graph theory Topological measures: try to capture the degree of connectivity and the patterns of connections in the network Geometry measures: describe the regularity of networks, their shape and fragmentation evaluate the impact of the network structure on the system performance and on land use and urban form provide common standard to compare networks and evaluate its evolution over time Hierarchy measures: quantify the network heterogeneity in terms of functional and operational differentiation of roads/lines provide benchmark for a more balanced design of network and also a good indicator for a better traffic flow management 7

8 The Urban Mobility Network Characterizing metro networks (Derrible and Kennedy, 2010) State: measures the complexity of a network identifying three phases in the development of transit networks, with mature systems being 66% completely connected Complexity: ratio between number of links and number of nodes Connectivity: ratio between the actual # of links and the potential # of links Form: investigates the link between metro systems and the built environment, distinguishing networks oriented towards regional accessibility, local coverage or regional coverage Average line length: long lengths regionally oriented Inter-station space: large inter-station space regionally oriented Structure: examines the intrinsic properties of current networks and classifies then as directness-oriented, connectivity-oriented, integrated-oriented Connectivity: the affluence and importance of connections (i.e., transfers) Directness: ratio between the total # of lines and the max. # of transfers 8

9 The Urban Mobility Network Characterizing metro networks (Derrible and Kennedy, 2010) Regional accessibility: connecting people living in the outer layers of the city to the city core (regional rail system) Local coverage: servicing the city core (metro as a prime travel mode) Regional coverage: the city core is generally will served, while still connecting the surrounding regions Setting a vision, defining new targets and making decision between various scenarios Compare existing systems. 9

10 The Urban Mobility Network Network secondary characteristics: express its interactions with others urban elements such as the land use system Accessibility: reflects the degree of easiness or difficulty (impedance) imposed by the network for users to reach their destinations Impedance: distance (connectivity), time and cost (network performance) Attractiveness: number of opportunities at destinations (#jobs, #school places, bus frequency, etc.) Reliability: is related to the probability of the proper functioning of the nodes and links For users it is important to know the degree of confidence that they can have on the network reliability reflects the stability of the quality of service offered through the network. Vulnerability: refers to the degree of susceptibility of these nodes and links to failures and the consideration of the impacts of such failures. For managers and operators it is important to know what are the consequences of failure in network operation improve network performance 10

11 Accessibility Microaccessibility access to the urban mobility system Spatial: proximity netween stations and access and egress points; routes distribution (spatial coverage). Temporal: service frequency and average wait time Macroaccessibility acess to the urban activities Network configuration: impedancies measured b y distance, cost and time (inside vehicles, access, wait and transfers) Land use: spatial distribution of activities, offer of potential users and competition for activities Time: constraints that individuals experience in their activities and the availability of opportunities throughout the day, week or year Individual: reflects the needs, abilities and opportunities of each individual Types of accessibility measures Aggregate measures (place-based): associated with the physical space consumed by the transport infrastructure and spatial distribution of activities. Disaggregated measures (person-based): based on detailed observations of individual activities and space-time constraints 11

12 Accessibility Aggregated Measures Network measures: refer to the presence and number of links in the network interposing two nodes without considerer the distance between them Spatial separation measures: consider only the impedance between two locations, omitting any consideration about attractiveness Contour measures: incorporate both land use and transport restrictions and determining the number of opportunities that can be reached in a given travel time Gravity measures: balance the opportunities of a destination by an impedance function related to the generalized cost of travel between zones Competition measures: incorporate capacity constraints related to both activities and users Disaggregated Measures Time-space measures: consider accessibility as the product of an activity system that includes all possible ways in which individuals, households, institutions and firms interact in time and space Utility measures:consider the cost related to the maximum expected utility associated with a set of mode choices for a given individual as a measure of accessibility 12

13 Mobility Mobility indicators: Trips produced: reflects the number of daily trips and can be measured by Trip length, trip time and number of trips/person Trip Easiness: reflects easiness provided by the system and is based on the user behaviour and no in the potential they have to travel Volume/capacity ratio (individual transport modes) Passenger x speed (public transport modes) Trip potential: measures the individual or groups capacity to travel, considering the modes and the time availability Accessibility indicators (time-space and utility measures) 13

14 Spatial Analysis Spatial Analysis: understand how spatial data are organized in space and what are the relationships between them. Levels of analysis: points, areas, surfaces, networks Analysis tools: Selection: visualization, zoom, search, selection, etc. Manipulation: aggregation, disaggregation, buffers, overlay, etc. Exploratory analysis: spatial distribution and global and local spatial association Confirmatory analysis: spatial regression and spatial prediction Spatial Statistics: understand, control, describe and predict spatial phenomenum 1 st Law of geography: everything is related to everything else, but near things are more related than distant things Spatial Dependency Spatial autocorrelation Exploratory Spatial Data Analysis (ESDA): identify sptaial patterns, critical areas and growth trends 14

15 ESDA funtions Exploratory Spatial Data Analysis by Areas Visualization of spatial distributions: thematics maps Equal classes Percentage Standard Deviation Determination of neighborhood relations: spatial weights matrix Matrix W (n x n) wij represents a measure of proximity between Oi and Oj A B C D E A B C D E A B C D E

16 ESDA funtions Exploratory Spatial Data Analysis by Areas Identification of spatial trends: weighted average zi: difference between the value of zone i and the average of all zones; wij: weights according to the spatial weights matrix Estimation of spatial dependebcy: I Moran Global Statistic n: numer of zones zi: difference between the value of zone i and the average of all zones zj: difference between the value of zone i neighbours and the average of all zones wij: weights according to the spatial weights matrix 16

17 ESDA funtions Exploratory Spatial Data Analysis by Areas Identification of spatial patterns of association and outliers: Moran scatterplot and I Moran Local Statistic (Box Map, Lisa Map e Moran Map) zi: difference between the value of zone i and the average of all zones wij: weights according to the spatial weights matrix + = 17

18 Diagnosis Methodology Mobility: Main parameter of evaluation in Strong dependet of the network configuration and the spatial distribution of socioeconomic variables The construction of a GIS database should precede the implementation of the methodology A. Supply and Demand Characterization A.1. System supply characterization A.3. Adequacy of the network to the users displacement needs B. Accessibility and Mobility analysis A.2. System demanda characterization B.1. Accessibility analysis B.2. Mobility analysis 18

19 Etapa A.1 - Caracterização da Oferta e da Procura do Sistema A. Supply and Demand Characterization A.1. Supply Characterization A.2. Demand Characterization Infrastructure Network Characterization Location and distribution of corridors and public transport lines, bus stops and stations Determination of the catchment coverage of stations Selection and Manipulation Tools Trip flows Characterization Intensity of system use (trips production and attraction regions) Displacement patterns (desire lines) Purpose and modes used in the trips Trips Assignment A.3. Adequacy of the network to the users displacement needs Average time and distances Number of transfers Passengers loading on critical links 19

20 Fortaleza Area: ~ 313 km Population: ~ 2,4 million inhabitant Mobility offer: bus, minivans and taxi 20

21 Etapa A.1 Supply and Demanda Characterization Network characterization Trips characterization Network load Infrastructure characterization Demand flows characterization Number of transfer 21

22 Etapa B.1 Accessibility Analysis Accessibility Characterization Microacessibility Macroacessibility Spatial Temporal Station catchemt area overlay Accessibility to CBD Selection and Manipulation Tools System coverage Walking distance Avearge wait time ESDA Tools Spatial patterns and critical areas Growth trends Spatial autocorrelation Overlay tools, spatial proximity (buffers) and thematic maps Weighted average maps and I Moran Global and Local Statistics (Boxmap, Lisa map and Moranmap) 22

23 Etapa B.1 Microaccessibility Spatial Accessibility Temporal Accessibility 23

24 Etapa B.1 Macroaccessibility Accessibility to the CBD Principal zona de emprego Hansen measure (gravitational): land use and network characteristics A = i S j f ( c ij ) j Ai accessibility in zone i; Sj attractiviness in zone j; Cij cost between zones i and j; f(cij) impedanc function between zones i and j. 24

25 Etapa B.1 Macroaccessibility Accessibility to the CBD Spatial association patterns (Box maps) Growth trends (weighted average) Outliers and clusters (Box maps and Moran maps) ESDA tools 25

26 Etapa B.2 Mobility Analysis Mobility Characterization Mobility rate Mobility Analysis ESDA tools Independent variables characterization Income and accessibility 26

27 Obrigada pela atenção! Camila Garcia PhD Candidate at Instituto Superior Técnico Dep. de Eng. Civil e Arquitectura (sala 4.24) Av. Rovisco Pais, Lisboa / (fax) camilagarcia@civil.ist.utl.pt 27