Alt. Long. from ( W) (m) coast

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1 West modern Santa Catalina Bison bison West modern Santa Catalina Bison bison West modern Santa Catalina Bison bison West modern Santa Catalina Bison bison West modern Santa Catalina Bison bison West modern Santa Catalina Bison bison Genus average 26.7 stdev 1.2 West RLB Samwell Cave Odocoileus hemionus lm/ West RLB Samwell Cave Odocoileus hemionus lm/ West RLB Samwell Cave Odocoileus columbianus lm/ West RLB Samwell Cave Odocoileus hemionus lm/ Genus average 28.8 stdev 0.8

2 West RLB Samwell Cave Euceratherium rm/ West RLB Samwell Cave Euceratherium lm/ West RLB Samwell Cave Euceratherium lm/ West RLB Samwell Cave Euceratherium rm/ Genus average 24.9 stdev 2.4 West RLB Samwell Cave Mammut Frag Locality average 25.6 stdev 2.5 West RLB Equus rp/2? West RLB Equus lp/2? Genus and Locality average 25.8 Difference between specimens 2.7 West RLB Potter Creek Cave Mammut Frag West RLB Potter Creek Cave Mammut Frag Genus average 22.3 Difference between specimens 1.8 West RLB Potter Creek Cave Mammut m

3 Locality average 22.6 stdev 1.1 West RLB Secret Valley Equus rm/ West RLB Secret Valley Equus lm/3? Genus average 18.9 Difference between specimens 4.0 West RLB Secret Valley Mammut Frag Locality average 11.3 stdev 2.0 West RLB Gold Springs Gulch Mammut Frag West RLB Pleasant Hill Mammut Frag West RLB Union Oil Mammut americanum Frag West RLB Mammut M West RLB Pacheco Mammuthus Frag

4 Frag. West RLB Mammut americanus RM3/ West RLB Equus? West RLB Calico Lakes Equus Frag West RLB Calico Lakes Equus Incis West RLB Calico Lakes Equus Frag West RLB Calico Lakes Equus occidentalis Frag Genus average 24.3 stdev 0.4 West RLB Calico Lakes Camelops M West RLB Calico Lakes Camelops Frag West RLB Calico Lakes Camelops Frag West RLB Calico Lakes Camelops Frag

5 Genus average 25.4 stdev 0.5 Locality average 24.8 stdev 0.8 West RLB Solar 1, SCBM Equus occidentalis M1/ West IRV Niles Qd Equus caballus LP2/ West IRV 1.24 Niles Qd Equus rm/ West IRV 1.24 Niles Qd Equus UPM West IRV Niles Qd V Equus caballus (cf) lm/2-3? West IRV Niles Qd Equus caballus lm/ West IRV Niles Qd Equus rp/ Genus average 25.6 stdev 1.7

6 West IRV Niles Qd Mammut Frag West IRV Niles Qd Mammuthus Frag Genus and Locality average 25.2 stdev 1.8 West BLAN Black Ranch Equus simplicidens L p/ West BLAN Black Ranch Equus simplicidens R m/ West BLAN Black Ranch Equus simplicidens R p/ West BLAN Black Ranch Equus simplicidens L p/ Genus and Locality average 24.8 stdev 1.8 West* BLAN Coso Mts. Cit Equus RM3/

7 West* BLAN Coso Mountains 3 V Equus lm/ West* BLAN Coso Mts Equus M West* BLAN Coso Mts Equus lm/3? Genus and Locality average 19.3 Difference between specimens 2.5 West BLAN Dunnigan Equus UM West BLAN Dunnigan Equus R P2/ West BLAN Dunnigan Equus L M3/ Genus and Locality average 23.7 stdev 1.4 West BLAN Equidae lm/

8 West BLAN Equus lm West BLAN Equus L p/ Genus and Locality average 24.1 Difference between specimens 0.7 West BLAN Malakas Well Equus lp/ West HEMP Warren Syncline Pliohippus L p/ West HEMP Warren Syncline Pliohippus edensis RP West HEMP Warren Syncline Pliohippus edensis R m/ West HEMP Warren Syncline Pliohippus edensis L m/ West HEMP Warren Syncline Pliohippus edensis R m/ West HEMP Warren Syncline Pliohippus edensis R m/

9 West HEMP Warren Syncline Pliohippus edensis R p/ West HEMP Warren Syncline Pliohippus edensis LM3/? Genus and Locality average 26.3 stdev 1.0 West HEMP Warren Syncline Cuvieronius edensis West HEMP Warren Fauna Dinohippus RP2/ West HEMP Warren Fauna Dinohippus leidyanus p/ West HEMP Warren Fauna Dinohippus leidyanus lm/ West HEMP Warren Fauna Dinohippus leidyanus lm/ West HEMP Warren Fauna Dinohippus leidyanus LP4/? West HEMP Warren Fauna Dinohippus leidyanus M2/ West HEMP Warren Fauna Dinohippus leidyanus LM/ West HEMP Warren Fauna Dinohippus leidyanus rm/ West HEMP Warren Fauna Dinohippus leidyanus RP2/ West HEMP Warren Fauna Dinohippus leidyanus LP2/ Genus average 24.7 stdev 1.1

10 West HEMP Warren Fauna Mammut mathewi Frag West HEMP Warren Fauna Mammut mathewi Frag Genus average 21.1 Difference between specimens 0.1 West HEMP Warren Fauna Teleoceras fossiger (cf) Frag Locality average 23.9 stdev West HEMP Sequence co. CA Pliohippus RP2/ V West HEMP Sequence co. CA Pliohippus LM3/ Genus and Locality average 27.0 Difference between specimens West HEMP Pinole Tuff, site Pliohippus rm/ West HEMP Pinole Tuff, site Pliohippus rp/ West HEMP Pinole Tuff, site Pliohippus rp/

11 West HEMP Pinole Tuff, site Pliohippus LP2/ West HEMP Pliohippus RP2/ Genus and Locality average 27.8 stdev West HEMP Pinole Junction Pliohippus lm/ Gomphotherium Gomphotherium Gomphotherium Gomphotherium Gomphotherium Gomphotherium

12 Gomphotherium Genus average 24.8 stdev Megatylopus Megatylopus m Genus average 25.1 Difference between specimens Procamelus Procamelus Procamelus Procamelus m

13 Genus average 25.6 stdev Prosthenops rm/ Prosthenops rp/ Prosthenops lm/ Prosthenops LM2/ Prosthenops lm/ Genus average 25.4 stdev Pliohippus M Pliohippus M Pliohippus M

14 Pliohippus Incis Pliohippus M Pliohippus M Pliohippus M Genus average 25.1 stdev Nannippus forcei M Hipparion RM3/ Hipparion LM3/ Hipparion P4/

15 Hipparion DP3/ Hipparion RP4/ Hipparion forcei LM3/ Hipparion forcei RM3/ Hipparion forcei LP/ Genus average 24.6 stdev 0.8 Locality average 25.0 stdev 1.1 West CLAR Two Mile Bar Hipparion LP2/ West CLAR Two Mile Bar Hipparion UM Genus average 23.2 Difference between specimens 0.1

16 West CLAR Two Mile Bar Nannipus? West CLAR Two Mile Bar Nannipus RP2/ Genus average 23.6 Difference between specimens 0.4 Locality average 23.4 stdev 0.3 Frag. West CLAR Soulsbyville Mammut West CLAR Mint Canyon Gomphotherium Frag. West CLAR Dove Spring Gomphotherid Frag. West CLAR Gomphotherid R R R Frag. West CLAR Gomphotherid Genus average 22.3 stdev 0.6

17 R West CLAR Hipparion mohavensis rp/ / R West CLAR Ricardo Amp Hipparion m/ West CLAR Pliohippus LP2/ West CLAR Pliohippus l p3/ or p4/ West CLAR Pliohippus rm/ West CLAR Pliohippus tantalus Genus average 23.7 Average difference 5.2 West CLAR Ricardo Amp Pliohippus fairbanksi RM R R R R R West CLAR Pliohippus r m/

18 1389/ R West CLAR Pliohippus RP2/? Genus average 24.0 stdev 1.8 Locality average 23.6 stdev 1.9 West CLAR Ricardo Incline Hipparion LP2/ West BARST Rodent Hill Basin Uncat. Gomphotherium M West BARST Rodent Hill Basin Merychippus LP2/ West BARST Rodent Hill Basin Merychippus RP2/ West BARST Rodent Hill Basin Merychippus RP2/ West BARST Rodent Hill Basin Merychippus RP2/ West BARST Rodent Hill Basin Merychippus lp/ West BARST Rodent Hill Basin Merychippus rp/ West BARST Rodent Hill Basin Merychippus M West BARST Rodent Hill Basin Merychippus intermontanus M Genus average 25.4 stdev 1.7

19 Locality average 25.6 stdev 1.7 West BARST Coon Canyon Brachycrus laticeps p/ West BARST Coon Canyon Brachycrus laticeps m/ West BARST Coon Canyon Brachycrus laticeps P4/ West BARST Coon Canyon Brachycrus laticeps m/ Genus and Locality average 25.1 stdev 2.6 West BARST Coon Canyon Pliohippus stylodontus M West BARST Coon Canyon Uncat. Gomphotherium tusk Locality average 25.9 Difference between specimens 2.2 West BARST Rainbow Basin Brachycrus slowense M West BARST Barstow General Merycodus M West BARST Barstow General Merycodus M Genus and Locality average 30.6 Difference between specimens 0.5 West BARST Cache Peak Camelidae m/ West HEMING Vedder Locality Merychippus rp/

20 West HEMING Vedder Locality Merychippus rm/ West HEMING Vedder Locality Merychippus RP2/ West HEMING Vedder Locality Merychippus 2/ Genus and Locality average 25.5 stdev 0.1 West HEMING N. Cody Mts Merychippus rp/ West HEMING N. Cody Mts Merychippus rm/ West HEMING N. Cody Mts Merychippus LP2/ West HEMING N. Cody Mts Merychippus lm/ RM1- R R R R R LP4/ or West HEMING N. Cody Mts Merychippus M1/

21 Genus and Locality average 26.1 stdev 1.4 West HEMING Phillips Ranch Merychippus LP2/ West HEMING Phillips Ranch Merychippus carrizoensis West HEMING Phillips Ranch Merychippus UM West HEMING Phillips Ranch Merychippus RP2/ Genus and Locality average 24.0 stdev 1.6 rm/3 Rp/2- R decid West HEMING N. Cody Mts Merychippus? R West HEMING N. Cody Mts Merychippus rm West HEMING N. Cody Mts Merychippus RM3/ West HEMING N. Cody Mts Merychippus rm/ R R R West HEMING N. Cody Mts Merychippus lm/

22 Genus and Locality average 26.1 stdev 1.3 East Modern Fox Hog Equus P2/ East Modern Pilot Mountains Equus p/ East Modern Maverick-Medecine Equus m/ East Modern Maverick-Medecine Equus p/ East Modern Maverick-Medecine Equus p/ Genus and Locality average 23.0 stdev 0.7 East RLB Valley Wells Mammuthus Frag East RLB Kokoweef Cave Equus Frag East RLB Kokoweef Cave Equus Frag East RLB Kokoweef Cave Equus Frag Genus and Locality average 23.9 stdev 2.0 East RLB Tule Springs East RLB Tule Springs Equus Frag Equus lm/

23 East RLB Tule Springs Equus p/ East RLB Tule Springs Equus Frag East RLB Tule Springs Equus PM Genus average 24.8 stdev 0.8 East RLB Tule Springs Mammuthus M3/ East RLB Tule Springs Mammuthus PM Genus average 20.6 Difference between specimens 0.0 East RLB Tule Springs Camelops PM East RLB Tule Springs Camelops M1-2/ Genus average 25.3 Difference between specimens 1.0 East RLB Tule Springs Equus M3/

24 East RLB Tule Springs East RLB Tule Springs Equus m/ Equus P3/? Genus average 12.8 stdev 0.7 East RLB Tule Springs Bison PM East RLB Tule Springs Bison P2/ Genus average 22.6 Difference between specimens 4.7 East RLB Tule Springs Mammuthus M3/ East RLB Tule Springs Mammuthus M Genus average 21.0 Difference between specimens 3.5 Locality average 23.0 stdev 2.2 East RLB Corn Creek Equus Frag East RLB Corn Creek Camelops Frag

25 Locality average 26.3 Difference between specimens 2.8 East RLB Pahrump Valley Mammuthus Frag East RLB Pahrump Valley Mammuthus Frag Genus and Locality average 26.3 Difference between specimens 2.8 East RLB hrop Wells Equus Frag East RLB Cactus Springs Mammuthus Frag East RLB Fishbone Cave Camelops M2/ East RLB Fishbone Cave Camelops Frag East RLB Wizards Beach Camelops hesturnus P2/ East RLB Crypt Cave Camelops Frag Genus average 23.1 Difference between specimens 2.9 East RLB Crypt Cave Equus Frag East RLB Wizards Beach Equus pacificus Frag

26 Genus average 21.2 Difference between specimens 0.2 Locality average 22.4 stdev 2.5 East RLB Rye Patch Mammuthus columbi Frag East RLB Rye Patch Camelops hesturnus Frag East RLB Rye Patch Bison M2/ East RLB Rye Patch Equus P2/ Locality average 19.0 stdev 0.5 East RLB SunshineLake Camelops M3/ East BLAN Mammut americanum Frag East HEMP Creek Aphelops (?) Frag

27 East HEMP Pliomastodon Frag East HEMP Pliomastodon Frag V East HEMP Monarch Mill Upper Proboscidea Frag East HEMP Monarch Mill Upper Gomphotheriid Frag Locality average 22.8 Difference between specimens 1.7 East HEMP Creek Equidae lm/ East HEMP Creek Teleoceras Frag East HEMP Creek Neohipparion leptode Frag East HEMP uras (7) Mastodont East CLAR Cedar Mountain Mammut Frag East CLAR Owl Apel Draw Aphelops Frag

28 East CLAR Primrose Draw Rhinoceratidae Frag East CLAR N.E. of Elko Pliohippus rm/ East CLAR Carlin North Rhinocerotid Frag East CLAR Hipparion tehonense RP2/ East CLAR Hipparion tehonense RP2/ Genus and Locality average 24.1 Difference between specimens 0.4 East CLAR Mt Lewis Hipparion rm/ East CLAR Coal Valley Hipparion tehonense LP2/ East CLAR Coal Valley Hipparion tehonense lp/ Genus and Locality average 23.5 stdev 2.3

29 11.25 East CLAR 0.92 Verdi Gomphotherium Frag East CLAR 0.92 Brady Pocket Gompothere Frag East CLAR 0.92 Brady Pocket Equidae lm/ East CLAR 0.92 Brady Pocket Neohipparion rm/ East CLAR 0.92 Brady Pocket Neohipparion m/ East CLAR 0.92 Brady Pocket Neohipparion lm/ East CLAR 0.92 Brady Pocket Neohipparion rm/ East CLAR 0.92 Brady Pocket Neohipparion lp/ East CLAR 0.92 Brady Pocket Neohipparion LP2/ East CLAR 0.92 Brady Pocket Neohipparion RP2/

30 11.25 East CLAR 0.92 Brady Pocket Neohipparion lm/ Genus average 20.5 stdev 1.0 Locality average 20.9 stdev 1.2 East CLAR Fish Lake Valley Teleoceras East CLAR Fish Lake Valley Mastodontidae M East CLAR Fish Lake Valley Mastodontidae M Genus average 22.5 Difference between specimens 1.7 East CLAR Fish Lake Valley Neohipparion rm/ East CLAR Fish Lake Valley Neohipparion rm/ East CLAR Fish Lake Valley Neohipparion lm/

31 East CLAR Fish Lake Valley Neohipparion M East CLAR Fish Lake Valley Neohipparion lm/ East CLAR Fish Lake Valley Neohipparion rm/ East CLAR Fish Lake Valley Neohipparion lp/ East CLAR Fish Lake Valley Neohipparion m Genus average 19.6 stdev East CLAR Fish Lake Valley Pliohippus rm/ Locality average 20.0 stdev 2.4 East BARST Virgin Valley Merychippus rm/ R R 642 East BARST Tonopah Merychippus rm/

32 East BARST Stewart Springs Merychippus LP2/ East BARST Stewart Springs Merychippus rm/ East BARST Stewart Springs Merychippus lm/ Genus average 21.1 stdev 1.5 East BARST Stewart Springs Hypohippus rm/ East BARST Stewart Springs Hypohippus rm/ Genus average 21.3 Difference between specimens 1.1 Locality average 21.2 stdev 1.1 East BARST Virgin Valley Merychippus LM3/ East BARST Virgin Valley Merychippus lp/ East BARST Virgin Valley Merychippus lm/ Genus and Locality average 20.8 stdev 0.6 East HEMING Massacre Lake 1 East HEMING Massacre Lake 1 R Parahippus pauniensis R Parahippus pauniensis LP3-4/ LP3-4/

33 R RP3- East HEMING Massacre Lake 1 East HEMING Massacre Lake 1 East HEMING Massacre Lake 1 East HEMING Massacre Lake Parahippus pauniensis R Parahippus pauniensis R Parahippus pauniensis R Parahippus pauniensis R 4/ LP3-4/ LP3-4/ LP3-4/ East HEMING Massacre Lake Parahippus pauniensis LM3/ Genus average 19.6 stdev 1.4 East HEMING Massacre Lake 1 East HEMING Massacre Lake 1 R Merychippus R Merychippus R carrizoensis (cf) RP2/ carrizoensis (cf) RM3/ East HEMING Massacre Lake Merychippus Genus average 20.2 stdev 1.4

34 Locality average 19.7 stdev 1.3

35 Notes: Distance Coast estimated using the coordinate distance calculator itude estimated using University of California Museum of Paleontology specimen Calculated using the equation d 18 O = * PDB itation estimated using model Bowen and Wilkinson (2002). Calculated using Kohn and Cerling (2002) equations Data Hoppe, 2006 Dates fom the Faunmap Working Group (1994) Dates Woodburne (2004) Data Connin et al. (1998) Localities which are currently east of the Sierran crest but may have been west of the crest 3 Ma. Dates Miomap, (Carrasco et al., 2005) Data Feranec (2004) Bad rerun data Sample the Bureau of Land Management Average difference for duplicate runs Standard deviation for samples analyzed three or more times 48

36 REFERENCES Bowen, G. J., and Wilkinson, B., 2002, Spatial distribution of d 18 O in meteoric precipitation: Geology, v. 30, p Carrasco, M. A., Kraatz, B.P., Davis, E. B., and Barnosky, A. D., Miocene Mammal Mapping Project (MIOMAP). University of California Museum of Paleontology Connin, S.L., Betancourt, J., and Quade, J., 1998, e Pleistocene C-4 plant dominance and summer rainfall in the southwestern United States isotopic study of herbivore teeth: Quaternary Research, v. 50, p Faunmap working group, 1994, FAUNMAP: A database documenting late Quaternary distributions of mammal species in the United States: Springfield, Illinois, Illinois State Museum, Illinois State Museum Scientific Papers, v. 25, 690 p. Feranec, R.S., 2004, Ecological consequences of the evolution of key adaptations, and niche partitioning in C3-dominated environments [Ph.D thesis]: Berkeley, California, University of California, Berkeley. 232 pp. 48

37 Hoppe, K.A., 2006, Correlation between the oxygen isotope ratio of North American bison teeth and local waters: Implications for paleoclimatic reconstructions: Earth and Planetary Letters, 10 p., (in press). Kohn, M.J., and Cerling, T.E., 2002, Stable isotope compositions of biological apatite, in Kohn, M.J., et al., eds., Phosphates, Geochemical, Geobiological, and Materials Importance. Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry, v. 48: Washington, D.C., Mineralogical Society of America, p The coordinate distance calculator Woodburne, M.O., 2004, e Cretaceous and Cenozoic mammals of North America: Biostratigraphy and Geochronology: Columbia University Press, New York, 391 p. 48

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