OPTIMAL ALLOCATION OF EMERGENCY SHELTER FACILITIES IN BEIJING. WU Wen-jie 1,2, ZHU Si-yuan 1,2 ZHANG Wen-zhong 1

Transcription

1 : (2010) ,2 1,2 1,, (1., ;2., ) OPTIMAL ALLOCATION OF EMERGENCY SHELTER FACILITIES IN BEIJING WU Wen-jie 1,2, ZHU Si-yuan 1,2 ZHANG Wen-zhong 1 (1.Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, CAS, Beijing , China; 2.Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing , China) Abstract: In contemporary China, how to achieve equity and efficiency for public service facilities' spatial distribution and rearrangement is one hot issue in the context of rapid urbanization process. Meanwhile, in order to avoid earthquakes, fires, explosions and other major natural disasters, emergency shelters play increasingly important roles in urban security. Nonetheless, researches on this issue are limited by the lack of systematic data, especially spatial data as well as other related data, and by the limitation of the traditional statistical model in establishing the complex causal relationship between the locations of public service facilities and their scale. This paper aims to explore general evaluation and actual description of the spatial distribution optimization of the urban emergency shelter facilities in Beijing, based on the Voronoi model and GIS analyzing methods. The results show that, firstly, Beijing is a large metropolis with a high population density, the capacity of emergency shelters could not meet the demand of the large population, and the spatial distribution of the emergency shelter facilities which have been built shows "uneven-distribution pattern"; secondly, as the public service infrastructure network reaches the stage of "universal" and "equalization", it is estimated that the city governments need construct at least 42 new large-scale emergency shelter facilities in the downtown area, and these emergency shelter facilities will form a reasonable facilities' service-area network, covering the whole spatial area in the downtown place of Beijing; thirdly, as a public service facilities, the emergency shelter facilities play an important role in the construction of the safety city, so the further development of it will concentrate on how to make the best integration of the fairness and efficiency allocation for the public need, which will include not only the increase in the number and the expansion of the size of the emergency shelter facility, but also attach great importance to building a multi-level spatial arrangement structure, so as to achieve the greatest social benefits. The authors point out that this research can provide information for further urban construction and planning policy making. Key words: emergency shelter facility; location; Optimal Allocation; Beijing :, 40 ;,, Voronoi,,,, : ; ; ;, ;, : F291 : A : : 1985 : zhangwz@igsnrr.ac.cn : ; :

2 x ij j z j [1,2] 3 GVF GVF= SDAM-SDCM SDAM SDCM [1-4] [3-9] [10-12] GIS 8.3% [13-18] Voronoi 62.0% 963 /km GIS GIS Voronoi GIS GIS 2.1 [19] Accum cost =a 1 + cost a +cost b 2 D Accum cost b a 1 a cost a a cost b ArcGIS9.2 b D a b 2.2 Jenk [20] Jenk 1 Jenk GVF 1 SDAM ; n SDAM= ΣΣ x i -x 軈 2 1km*1km i = 1 2 x i x 2 SDCM 42 i j SDMC= k Σ nj j = 1i j = 1 j Σ x ij -z 軃 j 2 3.3

3 1 Fig.1 Technological Route Map 2 Fig.2 The Population Density Raster Map 3 Fig.3 Distribution of the Existing Emergency Shelters' Service Areas Voronoi 3 ArcGIS9.2 Jenk 4 4 Fig.4 Classification Population Gap of the Emergency Shelters CBD 43

4 CBD GIS 5 Fig.5 Distribution of all Emergency Shelters' Service Areas : [1] Aday L, Anderson R. Equity of Access to Medical Care: A Conceptual and Empirical Overview[J]. Medical Care, 1981, 19(Suppl.):4-27. [2]. [M]. :, [3]. [J]., 2003,13(11): [4],. [M]. :, [5]. [M]. :, [6]. [M]. :, [7],. [J]. 4,2002,22(1):106-l10. [8],. [J]., Jenk 2006,26(1): ( 35 ) 44 27

5 [8] Lew A A, McKercher B. Trip Destinations, Gateways and Itineraries: The Example of Hong Kong [J]. Tourism Management, 2002, 23 (6): [9] Beaman J, Jeng J M, Fesenmaier D R. Clarification of Cumulative Attractivity as a Concept and Its Measurement: Comments on Lue, Crompton, and Stewart [J]. Journal of Travel Research, 1997, 36 (Fall): [10]Mings R C, McHugh K E. The Spatial Configuration of Travel to Yellowstone National Park [J]. Journal of Travel Research, 1992, 30: [11]Oppermann M. Length of Stay and Spatial Distribution [J]. Annals of Tourism Research, 1994, 21 (4): [12]Lew A, McKercher B. Modeling Tourist Movements: A Local Destination Analysis [J]. Annals of Tourism Research, 2006, 33(2): [13]Connell J, Page S J. Exploring the Spatial Patterns of Car-based Tourist Travel in Loch Lomond and Trossachs National Park, Scotland [J]. Tourism Management, 2008, 29: [14]Pearce D G. Tourism, the Regions and Restructuring in New Zealand [J]. Journal of Tourism Studies, 1990, 1(2): [15]McKercher B. A Comparison of Main Destination Visitors and Through Travelers at a Dual-purpose Destination [J]. Journal of Travel Research, 2001, 39: [16]Hwang Y H, Gretzel U, Fesenmaier D R. Multicity Trip Patterns: Tourists to the United States [J]. Annals of Tourism Research, 2006, 33(4): [17]Zilinger M. Tourist Routes: A Time-Geographical Approach on German Car-Tourists in Sweden [J]. Tourism Geographies, 2007, 9(1): [18]Kim S, Fesenmaier D. Evaluating Spatial Structure Effects in Recreational Travel [J]. Leisure Sciences, 1990, 12: [19]Dredge D. Destination Place Planning and Design [J]. Annals of Tourism Research, 1999, 26(4): [20]Lue C, Crompton J L, Stewart W P. Evidence of Cumulative Attraction in Multidestination Recreational Trip Decisions [J]. Journal of Travel Research, 1996, 35 (Summer): [21],. [J].,1988, 7(3): [22]. [J].,1992,7(2) : [23]. [J].,1994, 49(2): [24]. [J].,1996,51(4) : [25],. [J].,2004,23 (1): [26]. [J].,2005,21(2): [27],,. [J].,2002,17(5): [28]. [J].,2008,23(12): [29],. [J]. ( ),2003,33(5): [30]. [J].,2001,16 (6): [31]. [J].,2000,15(2): [32]. [J].,2007, 27(4): [33],,. [J].,2007,22(6): [34],. [J]., 2007,22(2): [35],,. [J].,2009,24(2): [36],,,. [J].,1999,54(4): [37],,. [J].,2005,20(2):51-56.!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! ( 44 ) [9],,. [15],.GIS Voronoi [J]. " " [J]. ( ),,2004,9: ,45(2): [16]Anthony Gar-On Yeh and Man Hong Chow. An Integrated GIS and [10]Nakanishi M, Cooper L G. Parameter Estimate for Multiplicative Interactive Choice Model: Least Squares Approach[J]. Journal of Marketing Research, 1974, 11: Location-allocation Approach to Public Facilities Planning-an Example of Open Space Planning[J]. Computer, Environment, and Urban System, 1996, 20: [11]Clarke G. Applied Spatial Modeling for Business and Service Planning [17],,. Voronoi [J]. Computers, Environment and Urban Systems, 1977, 21: [12]Brimberg J, Wesolowsky G O. Locating Facilities by Minimax Relative to Closest Points of Demand Areas[J]. Computers & Operations [J].,2008,33(2): [18]Ng, E. Wilkins R, Perras A. How Far Is It to the Nearest Hospital? Calculating Distances Using the Statistics Canada Postal Code Conversion File[J]. Health Rep, 1993, 5: Research, 2002,29: [19]Clarke G. Applied Spatial Modeling for Business and Service Planning [13]Church R L. Geographical Information Systems and Location Science[J]. [J]. Computers, Environment and Urban Systems,1977,21: Computers & Operations Research, 2002,29: [14],. GIS [20]Jenks, George F. The Data Model Concept in Statistical Mapping[J].. ( ),2003,36(3): International Yearbook of Cartography, 1967,7: