10/8/15. Earth Materials Minerals and Rocks. I) Minerals. Minerals. (A) Definition: Topics: -- naturally occurring What are minerals?
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1 minerals Earth Materials Minerals and Rocks I) Minerals Minerals Topics: What are minerals? Basic Chemistry Amethysts in geode: minerals Characteristics of Minerals Types of Minerals -- orderly arrangement of atoms Synthetic Ruby: not a mineral Rock Salt (Halite) (1) Minerals Pearl Glacier ice : a mineral 1) Minerals mineral -- orderly arrangement of atoms not a mineral (organic) -- orderly arrangement of atoms Sugar: Not a mineral River water: not a mineral Mineral NaCl : Halite -- orderly arrangement of atoms (Crystal Structure) -- definitive chemical composition -- orderly arrangement of atoms SiO2 : Quartz Graphite Gold (Au) Graphite (C) Graphite Both are made of Carbon 1
2 What are Minerals? Definition: naturally occurring inorganic solid definitive chemical composition orderly arrangement of atoms Basic Chemistry (A) Elements and Atoms -- Element : a substance that can not be broken down into others substances hydrogen, oxygen -- Atom : smallest particle of an element that retains the properties of that element (Radius: 10-8 cm) (B) Atomic Structure Protons & neutrons form the nucleus of an atom - represents tiny fraction of the volume at the center of an atom, but nearly all of the mass Electrons orbit the nucleus in discrete shells or energy levels. - electron shells represent nearly all of the volume of an atom, but only a tiny fraction of the mass Protons (positively charged) Neutrons (neutral) Electrons (negatively charged) Atomic Number : number of protons in each atom Atomic Number Element 1 Hydrogen (H) 6 Carbon (C) 8 Oxygen (O) 79 Gold (Au) Atomic Mass Number : total number of neutrons and protons oxygen # of N Atomic Mass # Atoms of an element with different numbers of neutrons are called isotopes 16 O, 17 O, 18 O Isotopes Carbon isotopes 12 C: 6 protons + 6 neutrons 13 C: 6 protons + 7 neutrons 14 C: 6 protons + 8 neutrons Isotopes Isotopes may be either stable or unstable Stable isotopes retain all of their protons and neutrons through time Unstable or radioactive isotopes spontaneously lose subatomic particles from their nuclei over time 2
3 Ions: atoms gain or lose electron(s) to form ions (C) Chemical Bonds -- Ionic bond : electrons transfer completely from one atom to another lose electrons: cation ( Na+) gain electrons : anion (e.g, Cl-) -- Covalen bond : atoms share electrons in their outer shells, no net grain or loss diamond (100% carbon) "magic numbers" ( 2, 8) -- most stable condition for each electron shell -- Van der Waals bond : weak residual electric static forces bonding between graphite sheets Hardness - Allow quick mineral identification. Hardness - resistance to scratching Talc is softest mineral (1 in Mohs Hardness Scale) is hardest (10 in Mohs Hardness Scale) Gypsum: H < 2.5 Quartz Crystal form : planar surfaces form during crystal growth Mohs Quartz: Pyramid with six-sided pillar Crystal forms Quartz 3
4 Asbestos Halite: cubic crystal form Specific Gravity density of mineral/density of water Galena: PbS (7.6) 3 sets of cleavages 2 sets of Cleavage Amphibole Cleavage - breakable weak surface(s) 1 direction of cleavage Quartz: SiO2 (2.65) Halite Calcite Muscovite 4 sets of cleavages Color Plagioclase K-feldspar Fluorite Olivine Color Comic strip: going green 4
5 beryl Beryl: Be3Al2(SiO3)6 Corundum (Al2O3) Emerald: Beryl with trace amounts of chromium emerald corundum : streak : color of mineral powder : luster Metallic Glassy Hematite Earthy streak : luster Taste salty: Halite Magnetic: Magnetite What did the paper clip say to the magnet? Dissolve in acid: Calcite (CaCO3) I find you very attractive! 5
6 Types of Minerals Most common minerals : Silicate minerals Silicate Minerals Balance charge by: building block: Silicate tetrahedron SiO4 4- a) adding cations - Contain silicon + oxygen Weight % Crustal Abundance Element Volume% O ~ 94 Si ~ 1 Al ~ 1 Olivine (Mg, Fe)2 SiO4 no cleavage Silicate Tetrahedron Balance charge by: Single Chain Double chain a) adding cations b) sharing oxygen pyroxene Amphibole: anion with adjacent tetrahedron Single chain amphibole sheet Sheet Silicate Mica; Clay minerals Framework Structure Silica tetrahedra can link together to form different crystal structures: Quartz (SiO2) Olivine (Mg, Fe)2 SiO4 no cleavage Amphibole Pyroxene Mica Clay mineral group Feldspar Quartz (SiO2) Framework Silicate 6
7 Other Mineral Groups Oxides Magnetite (Fe 3 O 4 ) Hematite (Fe 2 O 3 ) Sulfides Galena (PbS) Pyrite (FeS 2 ) Carbonates - contain carbonate (CO 3 ) 2- Calcite (CaCO 3 ) reacts with acid easily CaCO 3 + 2H + -> Ca 2+ + CO 2 (gas) + H 2 O Dolomite (CaMg(CO 3 ) 2 ) react with acid, but not as easily Evaporites Halite (NaCl) Gypsum (CaSO 4 2H 2 O) 7
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