1 What Is a Mineral? Critical Thinking 2. Apply Concepts Glass is made up of silicon and oxygen atoms in a 1:2 ratio. The SiO 2

Size: px
Start display at page:

Download "1 What Is a Mineral? Critical Thinking 2. Apply Concepts Glass is made up of silicon and oxygen atoms in a 1:2 ratio. The SiO 2"

Transcription

1 CHAPTER 5 1 What Is a Mineral? SECTION Minerals of Earth s Crust KEY IDEAS As you read this section, keep these questions in mind: What is a mineral? What are the two main groups of minerals? What are the six types of silicate crystal structures? What are three nonsilicate crystal structures? What Is a Mineral? A gold nugget, a grain of road salt, and a ruby may seem very different, but they have one thing in common: they are all minerals. A mineral has these properties: It forms naturally. It is not made by living things. It is solid. Its atoms and molecules are arranged in a pattern. It is made up of certain elements combined in specific ratios. It has specific physical properties. All minerals form naturally. In other words, people do not make them. Therefore, steel is not a mineral, because people make it. Organic matter is matter that is found in living things, or that is made by living things. Inorganic matter is matter that is not made by living things. All minerals are inorganic. For example, coal is not a mineral, because it forms from the remains of plants. The atoms and molecules in a solid mineral are arranged in a pattern. This arrangement causes the mineral to form crystals. A crystal is a solid with a regular arrangement of atoms or molecules. Crystals generally have geometric shapes, such as cubes. Every sample of a mineral is made up of the same elements. For example, every sample of the mineral quartz is made up mainly of the elements silicon and oxygen. Those elements are combined in a ratio of 1:2 (SiO 2 ). Scientists describe this property of minerals by saying that minerals have a consistent chemical composition. READING TOOLBOX Make Connections As you read, make flash cards for the highlighted terms in this section. Add any other terms you think are important. After you read, work with a partner to practice using each term correctly in a sentence. READING CHECK 1. Explain Why is steel not a mineral? Critical Thinking 2. Apply Concepts Glass is made up of silicon and oxygen atoms in a 1:2 ratio. The SiO 2 molecules in glass are arranged in a random way. Is glass a mineral? Explain your answer. Holt McDougal Earth Science 57 Minerals of Earth s Crust

2 Talk About It Research Use the Internet or library to find out the names of the main rockforming minerals. Learn more about one of the minerals. Share what you learn with a partner. What Are the Two Main Kinds of Minerals? There are thousands of different minerals. However, only about 20 minerals are common on Earth. These 20 common minerals are called rock-forming minerals because they make up most rocks on Earth. Scientists divide minerals into two main groups based on their chemical compositions. The two groups are silicate minerals and nonsilicate minerals. READING CHECK 3. List What two elements do all silicate minerals contain? SILICATE MINERALS Most minerals on Earth are silicate minerals. A silicate mineral contains combinations of silicon (Si) and oxygen (O) atoms. Quartz, feldspars, micas, and olivine are examples of silicate minerals. Quartz is made up of silicon and oxygen. All other silicate minerals also contain other elements. For example, feldspars contain sodium, calcium, or potassium in addition to silicon and oxygen. Olivine contains magnesium, iron, silicon, and oxygen. NONSILICATE MINERALS Only about 4% of Earth s crust is made of nonsilicate minerals. A nonsilicate mineral does not contain combinations of silicon and oxygen. It may contain silicon or oxygen, but they are not bonded together. There are six main groups of nonsilicate minerals. The table below describes these six groups. Type of Nonsilicate Mineral Description Examples 4. Compare Which element is found in all sulfate minerals, but not in sulfide minerals? Carbonates Halides Native elements Oxides contain a carbonate group (C ) contain chlorine or fluorine combined with sodium, potassium, or calcium made of atoms of a single element contain oxygen and an element other than silicon dolomite, CaMg(C ) 2 ; calcite, CaC fluorite, CaF 2 ; halite, NaCl silver, Ag; copper, Cu corundum, Al 2 ; hematite, Fe 2 Sulfates contain a sulfate group (SO 4 ) anhydrite, CaSO 4 Sulfides contain sulfur combined with another element (a metal) galena, PbS; pyrite, FeS 2 Holt McDougal Earth Science 58 Minerals of Earth s Crust

3 What Types of Crystals Do Minerals Form? The atoms and molecules in different minerals are arranged in different patterns. The arrangement of the atoms and molecules affects the shape of the crystals the mineral forms. One way scientists identify minerals is by studying their crystal shapes. The atoms and molecules in a mineral are always arranged the same way. Therefore, a mineral always forms the same crystal shape. CRYSTALLINE STRUCTURE OF SILICATE MINERALS There are many different kinds of silicate minerals. They form many different kinds of crystals. However, the crystals of all silicate minerals have similar building blocks. The building blocks of silicate minerals are made of atoms of silicon and oxygen. Each building block contains one silicon atom and four oxygen atoms. The oxygen atoms form a pyramid. The silicon atom is in the center of the pyramid. This structure is called a silicon-oxygen tetrahedron. Oxygen Silicon Oxygen Silicon READING CHECK 5. Explain Why does a mineral always form crystals with the same shape? Talk About It Make Connections Use a dictionary to look up the meaning of the word tetrahedron. With a partner, discuss why the building blocks of silicate minerals are called silicon-oxygen. These drawings show two different models of a silicon-oxygen tetrahedron. Silicon-oxygen are arranged in different ways in different silicate minerals. There are two factors that affect how the are arranged. First, the may form bonds with atoms of other elements, such as potassium or magnesium. Those bonds change the way the are arranged. Second, the may share oxygen atoms. When share oxygen atoms, they can form chains, rings, and networks, or webs. The table on the next page shows how can share atoms. Holt McDougal Earth Science 59 Minerals of Earth s Crust

4 Arrangement of Silicon- Oxygen Tetrahedrons Description Examples Isolated The in these minerals are not linked to other silicon or oxygen atoms. They may be linked to atoms of other elements. olivine Silicon-oxygen tetrahedron Rings of The in these minerals share oxygen atoms. They form rings with three, four, or six sides. Atoms of other elements can also bond to the rings. beryl, tourmaline Single chain of The in these minerals share oxygen atoms to form long chains. Each tetrahedron shares two oxygen atoms with other. pyroxene 6. Identify How are the silicon-oxygen in beryl arranged? Double chain of These minerals have double chains of. The double chains form when two single chains join together by sharing oxygen atoms. amphibole 7. Apply Concepts How many oxygen atoms does each silicon-oxygen tetrahedron in pyroxene share? Sheets of In a sheet of, each tetrahedron shares three oxygen atoms with other. mica 8. Compare Which mineral listed in the table contains silicon-oxygen that share the most oxygen atoms with other? Framework of Every tetrahedron in these minerals shares four oxygen atoms with other. The form a framework, or web. quartz Holt McDougal Earth Science 60 Minerals of Earth s Crust

5 GROUPS OF SILICATE MINERALS There are six main groups of silicate minerals. The minerals in each group have the same arrangement of silicon-oxygen. The names of the groups are related to the arrangement of the. Name of Group Single-tetrahedron silicates Ring silicates Single-chain silicates Double-chain silicates Sheet silicates Framework silicates Arrangement of Tetrahedrons isolated rings of single chains of double chains of sheets of frameworks of 9. List What are the six main groups of silicate minerals? CRYSTAL STRUCTURES OF NONSILICATE MINERALS Remember that there are many different kinds of nonsilicate minerals. Each nonsilicate mineral contains different atoms and molecules. The atoms and molecules in nonsilicate minerals can be arranged in many different ways. Therefore, nonsilicate minerals can have a variety of crystal shapes. The three most common crystal structures for nonsilicate minerals are cubes, hexagonal (six-sided) prisms, and irregular shapes. Some nonsilicate minerals have similar arrangements of atoms and molecules. These minerals also have similar crystal structures. For example, many halide and sulfide minerals form cubes, because their atoms and molecules are arranged in similar ways. 10. Explain Why do galena and halite form crystals with similar shapes? Galena, a sulfide mineral Halite, a halide mineral Halite and galena both form cubic crystals. They form crystals with similar shapes because the atoms in the minerals are arranged in a similar way. The arrangement of atoms and molecules in a crystal affects the mineral s properties. For example, many native elements are very dense. They are dense because the atoms in them are packed very close together. Holt McDougal Earth Science 61 Minerals of Earth s Crust

6 Section 1 Review SECTION VOCABULARY crystal a solid whose atoms, ions, or molecules are arranged in a regular, repeating pattern mineral a natural, usually inorganic solid that has a characteristic chemical composition, an orderly internal structure, and a characteristic set of physical properties nonsilicate mineral a mineral that does not contain compounds of silicon and oxygen silicate mineral a mineral that contains a combination of silicon and oxygen and that may also contain one or more metals silicon-oxygen tetrahedron the basic unit of the structure of silicate minerals; a silicon ion chemically bonded to and surrounded by four oxygen ions 1. Compare What is the difference between silicate minerals and nonsilicate minerals? 2. Identify What are the three most common nonsilicate crystal structures? 3. Apply Concepts Give one example of a mineral. Describe at least three characteristics that show that it is a mineral. 4. Infer An Earth scientist discovers a new mineral. The mineral is made up of gold and sulfur atoms bonded together. Which group of nonsilicate mineral does this mineral belong in? 5. Compare Quartz is a framework silicate. Pyroxene is a single-chain silicate. Describe how these two minerals are different and how they are similar. 6. Explain Corundum (Al 2 ) and hematite (Fe 2 ) both contain oxygen, but they are not considered to be silicate minerals. Why is this? Holt McDougal Earth Science 62 Minerals of Earth s Crust

This is how we classify minerals! Silicates and Non-Silicates

This is how we classify minerals! Silicates and Non-Silicates Why are some minerals harder than others? Their atomic structure and chemical formula. This is how we classify minerals! Silicates and Non-Silicates Part #1 - Silicates: Silicon and Oxygen make up 70%

More information

Minerals: Building Blocks of Rocks Chapter 2. Based on: Earth Science, 10e

Minerals: Building Blocks of Rocks Chapter 2. Based on: Earth Science, 10e Minerals: Building Blocks of Rocks Chapter 2 Based on: Earth Science, 10e Minerals: the building blocks of rocks Definition of a mineral Solid Inorganic Natural Crystalline Structure - Possess an orderly

More information

Lecture Outlines PowerPoint. Chapter 2 Earth Science 11e Tarbuck/Lutgens

Lecture Outlines PowerPoint. Chapter 2 Earth Science 11e Tarbuck/Lutgens Lecture Outlines PowerPoint Chapter 2 Earth Science 11e Tarbuck/Lutgens 2006 Pearson Prentice Hall This work is protected by United States copyright laws and is provided solely for the use of instructors

More information

Matter and Minerals. Earth 9 th edition Chapter 3 Minerals: summary in haiku form "Mineral" defined: natural, inorganic, solid (and two more).

Matter and Minerals. Earth 9 th edition Chapter 3 Minerals: summary in haiku form Mineral defined: natural, inorganic, solid (and two more). 1 2 Matter and Minerals Earth 9 th edition Chapter 3 Minerals: summary in haiku form "Mineral" defined: natural, inorganic, solid (and two more). continued... 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Also crystalline,

More information

Matter and Minerals Earth: Chapter Pearson Education, Inc.

Matter and Minerals Earth: Chapter Pearson Education, Inc. Matter and Minerals Earth: Chapter 3 Minerals: Building Blocks of Rocks By definition a mineral is: Naturally occurring An inorganic solid Ordered internal molecular structure Definite chemical composition

More information

Minerals. Atoms, Elements, and Chemical Bonding. Definition of a Mineral 2-1

Minerals. Atoms, Elements, and Chemical Bonding. Definition of a Mineral 2-1 Minerals In order to define a what we mean by a mineral we must first make some definitions: 2-1 Most of the Earth s surface is composed of rocky material. An element is a substance which cannot be broken

More information

10/8/15. Earth Materials Minerals and Rocks. I) Minerals. Minerals. (A) Definition: Topics: -- naturally occurring What are minerals?

10/8/15. Earth Materials Minerals and Rocks. I) Minerals. Minerals. (A) Definition: Topics: -- naturally occurring What are minerals? minerals Earth Materials Minerals and Rocks I) Minerals Minerals Topics: What are minerals? Basic Chemistry Amethysts in geode: minerals Characteristics of Minerals Types of Minerals -- orderly arrangement

More information

Before Statement After

Before Statement After CHAPTER 3 Minerals LESSON 1 What is a mineral? What do you think? Read the two statements below and decide whether you agree or disagree with them. Place an A in the Before column if you agree with the

More information

CHAPTER 2 MINERALS. Group Presentation Notes

CHAPTER 2 MINERALS. Group Presentation Notes CHAPTER 2 MINERALS Group Presentation Notes DEFINITION OF A MINERAL A mineral is naturally occurring, inorganic solid with an orderly crystalline structure and a definite chemical composition. CHARACTERISTICS

More information

Minerals: Minerals: Building blocks of rocks. Atomic Structure of Matter. Building Blocks of Rocks Chapter 3 Outline

Minerals: Minerals: Building blocks of rocks. Atomic Structure of Matter. Building Blocks of Rocks Chapter 3 Outline Minerals: Building Blocks of Rocks Chapter 3 Outline Does not contain complete lecture notes. To be used to help organize lecture notes and home/test studies. Minerals: Building blocks of rocks Definition

More information

Chapter 1 Lecture Outline. Matter and Minerals

Chapter 1 Lecture Outline. Matter and Minerals Chapter 1 Lecture Outline Matter and Minerals Minerals: Building Blocks of Rocks Minerals are the building blocks of rocks Minerals important in human history Flint and chert for weapons and tools Gold,

More information

305 ATOMS, ELEMENTS, AND MINERALS

305 ATOMS, ELEMENTS, AND MINERALS DATE DUE: Name: Instructor: Ms. Terry J. Boroughs Geology 305 ATOMS, ELEMENTS, AND MINERALS Instructions: Read each question carefully before selecting the BEST answer. Use GEOLOGIC VOCABULARY where APPLICABLE!

More information

The Use of Minerals. Chapter 3

The Use of Minerals. Chapter 3 Section 3 The Formation, Mining, and Use of Minerals The Use of Minerals Metallic Minerals are good conductors of heat and electricity. They can be processed for various uses, including building aircraft,

More information

300 ATOMS, ELEMENTS, AND MINERALS

300 ATOMS, ELEMENTS, AND MINERALS DATE DUE: Name: Instructor: Ms. Terry J. Boroughs Geology 300 ATOMS, ELEMENTS, AND MINERALS Instructions: Read each question carefully before selecting the BEST answer. Use GEOLOGIC VOCABULARY where APPLICABLE!

More information

305 ATOMS, ELEMENTS, AND MINERALS

305 ATOMS, ELEMENTS, AND MINERALS DATE DUE: Name: Instructor: Ms. Terry J. Boroughs Geology 305 ATOMS, ELEMENTS, AND MINERALS Instructions: Read each question carefully before selecting the BEST answer. Use GEOLOGIC VOCABULARY where APPLICABLE!

More information

305 ATOMS, ELEMENTS, AND MINERALS

305 ATOMS, ELEMENTS, AND MINERALS DATE DUE: Name: Instructor: Ms. Terry J. Boroughs Geology 305 ATOMS, ELEMENTS, AND MINERALS Instructions: Read each question carefully before selecting the BEST answer. Use GEOLOGIC VOCABULARY where APPLICABLE!

More information

Atoms: Building Blocks of Minerals. Why Atoms Bond. Why Atoms Bond. Halite (NaCl) An Example of Ionic Bonding. Composition of Minerals.

Atoms: Building Blocks of Minerals. Why Atoms Bond. Why Atoms Bond. Halite (NaCl) An Example of Ionic Bonding. Composition of Minerals. Matter and Minerals Earth Chapter 3 Minerals: summary in haiku form "Mineral" defined: natural, inorganic, solid (and two more). continued... Also crystalline, chemically specific. There! I fit it in!

More information

1 st shell holds 2 electrons. 2 nd shell holds 8 electrons

1 st shell holds 2 electrons. 2 nd shell holds 8 electrons ATOM INDIVISIBLE ELEMENTS - Nucleus = protons (+ charge) & neutrons (no charge ) - Electrons (- charge) orbit the nucleus in shells of 2, 8, 8 electrons (inner orbit outward) - Atomic number = number of

More information

Mineral Identification

Mineral Identification Mineral Identification! Mineral identification is a skill. " Requires learning diagnostic properties #Some properties are easily seen. $Color $Crystal shape #Some properties require handling or testing.

More information

Atoms>>>Elements>>>Minerals>>>Rocks>>>Continents>>>Planet

Atoms>>>Elements>>>Minerals>>>Rocks>>>Continents>>>Planet Introduction to Minerals It s all about scale: Atoms>>>Elements>>>Minerals>>>Rocks>>>Continents>>>Planet Basic Chem: Atomic Structure Atom: smallest unit of an element that possesses the properties of

More information

305 ATOMS, ELEMENTS, AND MINERALS

305 ATOMS, ELEMENTS, AND MINERALS DATE DUE: Name: Instructor: Ms. Terry J. Boroughs Geology 305 ATOMS, ELEMENTS, AND MINERALS Instructions: Read each question carefully before selecting the BEST answer. Use GEOLOGIC VOCABULARY where APPLICABLE!

More information

LECTURE #2: Elements & Minerals. I. Recitations start next week! please make sure you attend the class and talk with your TA about what is expected

LECTURE #2: Elements & Minerals. I. Recitations start next week! please make sure you attend the class and talk with your TA about what is expected GEOL 0820 Ramsey Natural Disasters Spring, 2018 LECTURE #2: Elements & Minerals Date: 11 January 2018 I. Recitations start next week! please make sure you attend the class and talk with your TA about what

More information

Chapter 2 Minerals Section 1 Matter Elements and the Periodic Table

Chapter 2 Minerals Section 1 Matter Elements and the Periodic Table Chapter 2 Minerals Section 1 Matter Key Concepts What is an element? What particles make up atoms? What are isotopes? What are compounds and why do they form? How do chemical bonds differ? Vocabulary element

More information

About Earth Materials

About Earth Materials Grotzinger Jordan Understanding Earth Sixth Edition Chapter 3: EARTH MATERIALS Minerals and Rocks 2011 by W. H. Freeman and Company About Earth Materials All Earth materials are composed of atoms bound

More information

Earth Materials: Minerals and Rocks Chapter 4

Earth Materials: Minerals and Rocks Chapter 4 Earth Materials: Minerals and Rocks Chapter 4 The French are bred to die for love They delight in fighting duels But I prefer a man who lives And gives expensive jewls A kill on the hand may be quite continental

More information

ESS Minerals. Lee. 1. The table below shows some properties of four different minerals.

ESS Minerals. Lee. 1. The table below shows some properties of four different minerals. Name: ESS Minerals Pd. 1. The table below shows some properties of four different minerals. The minerals listed in the table are varieties of which mineral? (A) garnet (B) magnetite (C) olivine (D) quartz

More information

Field Trips. Field Trips

Field Trips. Field Trips Field Trips Saturday field trips have been scheduled October 9, October 23 and December 4 Last all day (9:00 AM to 4:00 PM) Bus transportation provided from campus Joint with GG101 laboratory, GG101 Section

More information

Periods on the Periodic Table

Periods on the Periodic Table Minerals Chapter 2 Matter Matter includes anything that has mass and takes up space (volume). It exists in 3 main states on Earth solid, liquid, and gas. Matter can be classified based on its physical

More information

PHILADELPHIA UNIVERSITY

PHILADELPHIA UNIVERSITY PHILADELPHIA UNIVERSITY FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING. Engineering Geology Part one 1 2nd semester 2018/2019 Eng. Amany Assouli 1 INTRODUCTION: What is the engineering

More information

Minerals Please do not write on this test packet.

Minerals Please do not write on this test packet. Please do not write on this test packet. 1. The diagram below shows the index minerals of Mohs hardness scale compared with the hardness of some common objects. 2. Base your answer to the following question

More information

Atoms, Molecules and Minerals

Atoms, Molecules and Minerals Atoms, Molecules and Minerals Atoms Matter The smallest unit of an element that retain its properties Molecules - a small orderly group of atoms that possess specific properties - H 2 O Small nucleus surrounded

More information

Chapter 4. Rocks and Minerals: Documents that Record Earth's History

Chapter 4. Rocks and Minerals: Documents that Record Earth's History Chapter 4 Rocks and Minerals: Documents that Record Earth's History What can Minerals Tell Us? 1. Minerals may contain radioactive elements that can be used for radiometric age dating. 2. Minerals that

More information

Lab #4: Minerals: Building Blocks of Rocks

Lab #4: Minerals: Building Blocks of Rocks Lab #4: Minerals: Building Blocks of Rocks Minerals: Building Blocks of Rocks By definition a mineral is/has Naturally occurring Inorganic solid Ordered internal molecular structure Definite chemical composition

More information

Regents Earth Science. Lab &: Elements / Minerals

Regents Earth Science. Lab &: Elements / Minerals Name Date Regents Earth Science Period Lab &: Elements / Minerals Question: What is the relationship between elements and minerals? Introduction: (you will need the ESRT to complete this lab) Below is

More information

Name Class Date. 1. Use each of the following terms in a separate sentence: element, compound, and mineral.

Name Class Date. 1. Use each of the following terms in a separate sentence: element, compound, and mineral. Skills Worksheet Chapter Review USING KEY TERMS 1. Use each of the following terms in a separate sentence: element, compound, and mineral. For each pair of terms, explain how the meanings of the terms

More information

Minerals and Rocks Chapter 20

Minerals and Rocks Chapter 20 Minerals and Rocks Chapter 20 Emily and Megan Earth System Science Interconnected Rocks and minerals Interior processes Erosion and deposition Water and air Elements of Earth by weight Made of atoms Earth

More information

MINERALS TAKE HOME QUIZ

MINERALS TAKE HOME QUIZ NAME 1. Which is an accurate statement about rocks? A) Rocks are located only in continental areas of the Earth. B) Rocks seldom undergo change. C) Most rocks contain fossils. D) Most rocks have several

More information

Processed Food Production. Consistent product Long shelf life Low cost

Processed Food Production. Consistent product Long shelf life Low cost How is the production of wheat connected to Earth and environmental sciences? Processed Food Production Consistent product Long shelf life Low cost Twinkie Ingredients Enriched bleached wheat flour [flour,

More information

Full file at

Full file at Minerals: The Building Blocks of Rocks 2 Learning Objectives After reading, studying, and discussing the chapter, students should be able to: List the definitive characteristics that qualify certain Earth

More information

it must be it must be it must have been formed by it must have it must have

it must be it must be it must have been formed by it must have it must have 6. Minerals II (p. 78-87) What is a mineral? The five characteristics required in order for a compound to be a mineral are: it must be it must be it must have been formed by it must have it must have Characteristics

More information

Crust Elements. Elements of Earth. Minerals. Crystals. Interconnected Rocks and minerals Interior processes Erosion and deposition Water and air

Crust Elements. Elements of Earth. Minerals. Crystals. Interconnected Rocks and minerals Interior processes Erosion and deposition Water and air Emily and Megan Earth System Science Interconnected Rocks and minerals Interior processes Erosion and deposition Water and air Made of atoms Earth is mostly iron, by weight Elements of Earth Made of atoms

More information

Emily and Megan. Earth System Science. Elements of Earth by weight. Crust Elements, by weight. Minerals. Made of atoms Earth is mostly iron, by weight

Emily and Megan. Earth System Science. Elements of Earth by weight. Crust Elements, by weight. Minerals. Made of atoms Earth is mostly iron, by weight Emily and Megan Chapter 20 MINERALS AND ROCKS Earth System Science Interconnected Rocks and minerals Interior processes Erosion and deposition Water and air Elements of Earth by weight Made of atoms Earth

More information

5/24/2018. Matter and Minerals

5/24/2018. Matter and Minerals 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Matter and Minerals Earth Chapter 3 Chapter 3 Matter & Minerals Figure 3.1 Minerals: Building Blocks of Rocks Geologic Definition of a Mineral: Naturally occurring Generally inorganic

More information

Introduction to Geology

Introduction to Geology Introduction to Geology Why the heck would you want to take a geology class? 1) Geology is responsible for supplying many of the things we need. 2) Geology is closely related to the environment, which

More information

Atoms Elements Minerals

Atoms Elements Minerals Atoms Elements Minerals Atoms The building blocks of all matter. Atoms The building blocks of all matter. Atoms The building blocks of all matter. 1 Atoms consist of a positively charged nucleus of protons

More information

Prentice Hall EARTH SCIENCE

Prentice Hall EARTH SCIENCE Prentice Hall EARTH SCIENCE Tarbuck Lutgens Chapter 2 Minerals 2.1 Matter Elements and the Periodic Table Elements are the basic building blocks of minerals. Over 100 elements are known. 2.1 Matter Atoms

More information

How minerals form. September 20, Mineral families and formation.notebook

How minerals form. September 20, Mineral families and formation.notebook How minerals form Minerals form (primarily) in 3 different ways: 1. From the cooling and hardening of magma and lava Oct 20 7:06 AM Whether the rock melt cools quickly or slowly, ions and elements within

More information

Minerals and Rocks. Minerals

Minerals and Rocks. Minerals Minerals and Rocks Minerals What do you think? Read the two statements below and decide whether you agree or disagree with them. Place an A in the Before column if you agree with the statement or a D if

More information

Lab 4: Mineral Identification April 14, 2009

Lab 4: Mineral Identification April 14, 2009 Name: Lab 4: Mineral Identification April 14, 2009 While about 3000 minerals have been recognized as valid species, very few of these are commonly seen. Comprehensive mineralogy texts typically deal with

More information

The Nucleus. Protons. Positive electrical charge The number of protons in the nucleus determines the atomic number

The Nucleus. Protons. Positive electrical charge The number of protons in the nucleus determines the atomic number Matter Atoms The smallest unit of an element that retain its properties Small nucleus surrounded by a cloud of electrons The nucleus contains protons and neutrons The Nucleus Protons Positive electrical

More information

Minerals. Elements and Minerals

Minerals. Elements and Minerals Minerals Gypsum Crystals (actual size) Elements and Minerals 87 naturally occurring elements 12 are found in the earth s crust in amounts >1% These twelve make up 99% of the mass of the crust. 70% of the

More information

CHAPTER 4. Crystal Structure

CHAPTER 4. Crystal Structure CHAPTER 4 Crystal Structure We can assume minerals to be made of orderly packing of atoms or rather ions or molecules. Many mineral properties like symmetry, density etc are dependent on how the atoms

More information

Minerals and Rocks. Environmental Learning Community CORC 1332 Sept 21, 2010

Minerals and Rocks. Environmental Learning Community CORC 1332 Sept 21, 2010 Minerals and Rocks Environmental Learning Community CORC 1332 Sept 21, 2010 Outline Quiz More on minerals Twinkies Rocks How can you identify one mineral from another? Distinguishing One Mineral from Another

More information

Name: Minerals and more minerals

Name: Minerals and more minerals 1. The diagram below shows how a sample of the mineral mica breaks when hit with a rock hammer. 6. The diagrams below show the crystal shapes of two minerals. This mineral breaks in smooth, flat surfaces

More information

Time to see your. Registration November

Time to see your. Registration November Time to see your advisor Registration November 16-20 http://www.myspace.com/over60agelesslady 5 points Extra Credit Seminar this week in NS 103 Wednesday November 11, noon to 1 Attend, write a ½ to 1 page

More information

Element atoms join together to form an element it can not be broken down into simpler substances 118 known elements 1 92 except elements 43 and 61

Element atoms join together to form an element it can not be broken down into simpler substances 118 known elements 1 92 except elements 43 and 61 Chapter 2 What is an Element? What particles make up an atom? Element atoms join together to form an element it can not be broken down into simpler substances 118 known elements 1 92 except elements 43

More information

CH 4- MINERALS OBJECTIVES: Identify characteristics and formations of minerals. Differentiate Minerals by their groups and uses STANDARDS:

CH 4- MINERALS OBJECTIVES: Identify characteristics and formations of minerals. Differentiate Minerals by their groups and uses STANDARDS: OBJECTIVES: CH 4- MINERALS Identify characteristics and formations of minerals Differentiate Minerals by their groups and uses STANDARDS: MINERAL: WHAT IS A MINERAL? A naturally occurring Inorganic Solid

More information

And the study of mineral the branch in geology is termed as mineralogy. (Refer Slide Time: 0:29)

And the study of mineral the branch in geology is termed as mineralogy. (Refer Slide Time: 0:29) Earth Sciences for Civil Engineering Professor Javed N Malik Department of Earth Sciences Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur Module 2 Lecture No 6 Rock-Forming Minerals and their Properties (Part-2)

More information

Layers of Earth - 3 distinct layers

Layers of Earth - 3 distinct layers Clicker Question What is the source of the energy that drives most earthquakes and volcanoes? A. Sunlight B. Radioactive decay inside the earth C. Meteorite impacts D. Ocean tides E. None of the above

More information

ENVI.2030L - Minerals

ENVI.2030L - Minerals ENVI.2030L - Minerals Name I. Minerals Minerals are crystalline solids - the particles (atoms) that make-up the solid have a regular arrangement. In glasses, on the other hand, the atoms are not arranged

More information

Ionic and Metallic Bonding

Ionic and Metallic Bonding Ionic and Metallic Bonding 7.1 Ions BONDING AND INTERACTIONS Essential Understanding electrically charged. Ions form when atoms gain or lose valence electrons, becoming Lesson Summary Valence Electrons

More information

Earth Science Minerals. Moh s Scale of Hardness In which New York State landscape region was most of the garnet mined?

Earth Science Minerals. Moh s Scale of Hardness In which New York State landscape region was most of the garnet mined? Name: ate: 1. Which mineral is white or colorless, has a hardness of 2.5, and splits with cubic cleavage? A. calcite. halite C. pyrite. mica 2. ase your answer(s) to the following question(s) on the map

More information

Rocks and Minerals. Tillery, Chapter 19. Solid Earth Materials

Rocks and Minerals. Tillery, Chapter 19. Solid Earth Materials Rocks and Minerals Tillery, Chapter 19 Science 330 Summer 2007 No other planet in the solar system has the unique combination of fluids of Earth. Earth has a surface that is mostly covered with liquid

More information

Minerals. [Most] rocks are [mostly] made of minerals, so identification and interpretation depends on recognizing

Minerals. [Most] rocks are [mostly] made of minerals, so identification and interpretation depends on recognizing Minerals [Most] rocks are [mostly] made of minerals, so identification and interpretation depends on recognizing Over mineral types have been described, but only about account for the bulk of most rocks.

More information

A Rock is a solid aggregate of minerals.

A Rock is a solid aggregate of minerals. Quartz A Rock is a solid aggregate of minerals. Orthoclase Feldspar Plagioclase Feldspar Biotite Four different minerals are obvious in this piece of Granite. The average automobile contains: Minerals

More information

MINERALS Smith and Pun Chapter 2 ATOMIC STRUCTURE

MINERALS Smith and Pun Chapter 2 ATOMIC STRUCTURE MINERALS Smith and Pun Chapter 2 1 ATOMIC STRUCTURE 2 1 ATOMIC STRUCTURE (2) (See Smith and Pun, pages 29-35) ELEMENT: Substance that cannot be broken down into other substances by ordinary chemical methods

More information

1. Which mineral shows no cleavage, has a hardness of 7, and a composition of SiO2? A) Graphite B) Garnet C) Halite D) Quartz 2. Which mineral leaves

1. Which mineral shows no cleavage, has a hardness of 7, and a composition of SiO2? A) Graphite B) Garnet C) Halite D) Quartz 2. Which mineral leaves 1. Which mineral shows no cleavage, has a hardness of 7, and a composition of SiO2? A) Graphite B) Garnet C) Halite D) Quartz 2. Which mineral leaves a green-black powder when rubbed against an unglazed

More information

2. Which mineral is white or colorless, has a hardness of 2.5, and splits with cubic cleavage? 1. calcite 3. pyrite 2. halite 4.

2. Which mineral is white or colorless, has a hardness of 2.5, and splits with cubic cleavage? 1. calcite 3. pyrite 2. halite 4. RM2 JRQ Mr. Chase Name Date: 1. Base your answer on the information, table, and photographs (see image) and on your knowledge of Earth science. "Herkimer Diamonds" Gem-quality "Herkimer Diamonds" are hexagonal-shaped

More information

The most common elements that make up minerals are oxygen, silicon, aluminum, iron, calcium, potassium, and magnesium

The most common elements that make up minerals are oxygen, silicon, aluminum, iron, calcium, potassium, and magnesium Mineralogy: The Study of Minerals and their Properties A Mineral! Occurs! Is a! Is a substance (element or compound)! Has atoms arrange in an orderly pattern ( )! Is (not formed by any process involving

More information

Solid Earth materials:

Solid Earth materials: Solid Earth materials: Elements minerals rocks Nonuniform distribution of matter Molten core Contains most heavy elements Iron, nickel Thin surface crust Mostly lighter elements 8 elements make up 98.6%

More information

Unit 6 Lesson 1 Minerals. Copyright Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

Unit 6 Lesson 1 Minerals. Copyright Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Animal, Vegetable, or Mineral? What do minerals have in common? Not all minerals are sparkling gems, but they all have certain characteristics in common. A mineral is a naturally occurring, inorganic solid

More information

2 Ionic Bonds. What is ionic bonding? What happens to atoms that gain or lose electrons? What kinds of solids are formed from ionic bonds?

2 Ionic Bonds. What is ionic bonding? What happens to atoms that gain or lose electrons? What kinds of solids are formed from ionic bonds? CHAPTER 8 2 Ionic Bonds SECTION Chemical Bonding BEFORE YOU READ After you read this section, you should be able to answer these questions: What is ionic bonding? What happens to atoms that gain or lose

More information

Lecture 3: Earth Materials and their Properties I: Minerals. Introduction to the Earth System EAS 2200

Lecture 3: Earth Materials and their Properties I: Minerals. Introduction to the Earth System EAS 2200 Lecture 3: Earth Materials and their Properties I: Minerals Introduction to the Earth System EAS 2200 Earth Materials Plan of the Why it matters Nature of the Earth/Composition The Solid Earth Mineral

More information

Minerals. Gypsum Crystals - Mexico

Minerals. Gypsum Crystals - Mexico Minerals Gypsum Crystals - Mexico Rocks Rocks are Earth materials made from minerals. Most rocks have more than one kind of mineral. Example: Granite Potassium feldspar. Plagioclase Feldspar. Quartz. Hornblende.

More information

Ionic Coordination and Silicate Structures

Ionic Coordination and Silicate Structures Ionic Coordination and Silicate Structures Pauling s Rules A coordination polyhedron of anions forms around a cation Ionic distance determined by radii Coordination number determined by radius ratio. May

More information

Geology 103 Planet Earth (QR II), Laboratory Exercises 1. Minerals

Geology 103 Planet Earth (QR II), Laboratory Exercises 1. Minerals Geology 103 Planet Earth (QR II), Laboratory Exercises 1 Student Name: Section: Minerals Minerals are naturally occurring, inorganic, crystalline solids with a characteristic chemical composition. Most

More information

O and Si make up % of all atoms available to make minerals in the Earth's crust.

O and Si make up % of all atoms available to make minerals in the Earth's crust. 7. Minerals III (p. 87-97) Mineral Families O and Si make up % of all atoms available to make minerals in the Earth's crust. Minerals in which cations combine with O 2- anions are called. If Si gets added,

More information

Ms. Terry J. Boroughs American River College Geology 300 Introduction to Geological Concepts and/or Principles and Minerals

Ms. Terry J. Boroughs American River College Geology 300 Introduction to Geological Concepts and/or Principles and Minerals DATE DUE: Name: Ms. Terry J. Boroughs American River College Geology 300 Introduction to Geological Concepts and/or Principles and Minerals Instructions: Read each question carefully before selecting the

More information

Mineralogy ( ) Chapter 5: Crystallography

Mineralogy ( ) Chapter 5: Crystallography Hashemite University Faculty of Natural Resources and Environment Department of earth and environmental sciences Mineralogy (1201220) Chapter 5: Crystallography Dr. Faten Al-Slaty First Semester 2015/2016

More information

Rocks Reading this week: Ch. 2 and App. C Reading for next week: Ch. 3

Rocks Reading this week: Ch. 2 and App. C Reading for next week: Ch. 3 Reading this week: Ch. 2 and App. C Reading for next week: Ch. 3 I. Environmental significance II. Definition III. 3 major classes IV. The Rock Cycle V. Secondary classification VI. Additional sub-classes

More information

Rocks Environmental Significance. Rocks Reading this week: Ch. 2 and App. C Reading for next week: Ch. 3. Rocks Definition of a rock

Rocks Environmental Significance. Rocks Reading this week: Ch. 2 and App. C Reading for next week: Ch. 3. Rocks Definition of a rock Reading this week: Ch. 2 and App. C Reading for next week: Ch. 3 Environmental Significance I. Environmental significance II. Definition III. 3 major classes IV. The Rock Cycle V. Secondary classification

More information

Review - Unit 2 - Rocks and Minerals

Review - Unit 2 - Rocks and Minerals Review - Unit 2 - Rocks and Minerals Base your answers to questions 1 and 2 on the diagram below, which shows the results of three different physical tests, A, B, and C, that were performed on a mineral.

More information

God Wholeness Rocks Minerals (Chemical bonds, Crystals) Chemical elements Atoms Something Nothing God

God Wholeness Rocks Minerals (Chemical bonds, Crystals) Chemical elements Atoms Something Nothing God God Wholeness Rocks Minerals (Chemical bonds, Crystals) Chemical elements Atoms Something Nothing God Theme 4. Cristals and Minerals 4.1. Elements 4.2. Identifying minerals 4.3. Common minerals 4.1. Elements

More information

ESA Study Guide Year 10 Science

ESA Study Guide Year 10 Science Then and now Questions from pages 26, 27 of ESA Study Guide Year 10 Science 1. Which early scientist thought atoms would combine to form new substances? 2. Which New Zealand scientist found that most of

More information

Unit 2: Minerals and Rocks Practice Questions

Unit 2: Minerals and Rocks Practice Questions Name: Date: 1. Which mineral is white or colorless, has a hardness of 2.5, and splits with cubic cleavage? 6. Base your answer(s) to the following question(s) on the photograph of a sample of gneiss below.

More information

Minerals. What are minerals and how do we classify them?

Minerals. What are minerals and how do we classify them? Minerals What are minerals and how do we classify them? 1 Minerals! Minerals are the ingredients needed to form the different types of rocks! Rock - is any naturally formed solid that is part of Earth

More information

Silicate Structures. Silicate Minerals: Pauling s s Rules and. Elemental Abundance in Crust. Elemental Abundance in Crust: Pauling s s Rules

Silicate Structures. Silicate Minerals: Pauling s s Rules and. Elemental Abundance in Crust. Elemental Abundance in Crust: Pauling s s Rules Silicate Minerals: Pauling s s Rules and Silicate Structures February 6, 2007 Elemental Abundance in Crust Fe Ion O 2- Si 4+ Al 3+, 3+ Ca Na + K + Mg mol % 2.6 1.4 mol% x charge 4.8 3.8 2.6 1.4 3.8 Sum

More information

5. The table below indicates the presence of various minerals in different rock samples.

5. The table below indicates the presence of various minerals in different rock samples. 1. Which mineral is composed of Calcium and Fluorine? A) Amphiboles B) Calcite C) Hematite D) Fluorite 2. The photograph below shows a broken piece of the mineral calcite. The calcite breaks in smooth,

More information

Earth Science 11: Minerals

Earth Science 11: Minerals lname: Date: Earth Science 11: Minerals Purpose: Text Pages: I can identify and classify minerals using their physical and chemical properties 90-111 *This is recommended reading! Matter and Atoms (5.1)

More information

Properties of the Elements

Properties of the Elements Printed Page 39 [Notes/Highlighting] LESSON 9 Create a Table Think About It In the late 1860s, a Russian chemist and teacher named Dmitri Mendeleyev was looking for a way to organize the elements known

More information

How Elements Bond. 578 CHAPTER 19 Chemical Bonds. Figure 11 Sodium and chlorine react forming white crystalline sodium chloride. Vocabulary SECTION

How Elements Bond. 578 CHAPTER 19 Chemical Bonds. Figure 11 Sodium and chlorine react forming white crystalline sodium chloride. Vocabulary SECTION SECTION ow Elements Bond Compare and contrast ionic and covalent bonds. Identify the difference between polar and nonpolar covalent bonds. Interpret chemical shorthand. Vocabulary ion ionic bond compound

More information

Quartz. ! Naturally occurring - formed by nature. ! Solid - not liquid or gas. Liquid water is not a mineral

Quartz. ! Naturally occurring - formed by nature. ! Solid - not liquid or gas. Liquid water is not a mineral GEOL 110 - Minerals, Igneous Rocks Minerals Diamond Azurite Quartz Why Study Minerals?! Rocks = aggregates of minerals! Importance to Society?! Importance to Geology? 5 part definition, must satisfy all

More information

4. The diagram of Bowen's Reaction Series below indicates the relative temperatures at which specific minerals crystallize as magma cools.

4. The diagram of Bowen's Reaction Series below indicates the relative temperatures at which specific minerals crystallize as magma cools. Base your answers to questions 1 and 2 on the diagram below, which shows the results of three different physical tests, A, B, and C, that were performed on a mineral. 1. The luster of this mineral could

More information

FOURTH GRADE. students

FOURTH GRADE. students FOURTH GRADE students ROCK CYCLE - CHEMISTRY (4) PRE Draw the number of electrons in the 1 st, 2 nd, and 3 rd orbitals around the nucleus of sodium and chlorine. Protons equal the Atomic Number. Neutrons

More information

Physical Geology 101 Laboratory MINERALS II Silicate and Carbonate Rock-Forming Minerals

Physical Geology 101 Laboratory MINERALS II Silicate and Carbonate Rock-Forming Minerals Student Name: College: Grade: Physical Geology 101 Laboratory MINERALS II Silicate and Carbonate Rock-Forming Minerals I. INTRODUCTION: The purpose of this lab is you will improve your mineral identification

More information

1 Compounds and Molecules

1 Compounds and Molecules CAPTER 6 1 Compounds and Molecules SECTION The Structure of Matter KEY IDEAS As you read this section, keep these questions in mind: What holds compounds and substances together? What determines the properties

More information

Monday, April 21, 2014 Minerals Intro

Monday, April 21, 2014 Minerals Intro Monday, April 21, 2014 Minerals Intro Warm Up: 1) Update Planners! 2) Reminders: STAAR Math tomorrow STAAR Reading Wednesday Do you know your testing room? Apr 21 7:21 AM Minerals Naturally occurring and

More information

Minerals and Rocks Simulation: Evolution Activity One

Minerals and Rocks Simulation: Evolution Activity One Minerals and Rocks Simulation: Evolution Activity One Introduction Earth has been changing and shifting for millions of years. Continents have broken apart and moved. Mountains have formed. Even the climate

More information

Chapter: Earth Materials

Chapter: Earth Materials Table of Contents Chapter: Earth Materials Section 1: Minerals Section 2: Igneous Rocks Section 3: Sedimentary Rocks Section 4: Metamorphic Rocks and the Rock Cycle 1 Minerals Common Elements Composition

More information

Chapter 4 Minerals Sec. 4.1 What is a Mineral?

Chapter 4 Minerals Sec. 4.1 What is a Mineral? Chapter 4 Minerals Sec. 4.1 What is a Mineral? Minerals Earth s crust is composed of about 3000 minerals. Besides forming rocks and shaping Earth s surface, some minerals have helped to develop civilization.

More information