Chemistry 4/2 Seite 1 von 5. You know what atoms are composed of... 3
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1 Chemistry 4/2 Seite 1 von 5 chemistry 2 nd Kanti study sheet for the test on the 5/10/2011 author: version: publish date: Linus Metzler 1.0b 5/9/2011 CHEMISTRY 4/2 TABLE OF CONTENTS You know what atoms are composed of... 3 You know the structure of the nucleus of the atoms and know the connection between the structure of the nucleus and the periodic table of the elements... 3 You know the structure of the -atom in the shell model and you are able to draw any atom of the main group elements in the shell model... 3 You can explain why melted salt can conduct electric current... 4 You can explain which charge a sodium ion and a chloride ion have... 4 You know how to explain the force between the ions in a salt crystal... 4 You can describe in details how NaCl is formed in a reaction of sodium (Na) and chlorine (Cl)... 4 You know 'the expression outer shell electrons and are able to draw the electron diagram for all group elements... 4 You know the rule of eight (noble gas) and you can explain why some atoms form molecules to fulfill the rule of eight (noble gas)... 4 You know what a covalent bond is and can explain how a covalent bond is formed between two atoms... 4 You are able to draw the Lewis formula for any simple molecule... 5 You can distinguish between a bonding pair of electrons and a lone pair of electrons... 5 You can show what a dative bond is and are therefore able to draw more complex molecules... 5 You are able to describe the three dimensional shape of any molecule... 5 INFO Chemistry 4/2 Seite 1 von 5
2 Chemistry 4/2 Seite 2 von 5 This is a study sheet by Linus Metzler about Chemistry 4/2, which was mentioned in the 2 nd Kanti at Mr. Uetz. There is no claim for completeness. All warranties are disclaimed. ksrstudysheet by Linus Metzler is under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial 3.0 Unported license. Chemistry 4/2 Seite 2 von 5
3 Chemistry 4/2 Seite 3 von 5 STUDY PART YOU KNOW WHAT ATOMS ARE COMPOSED OF Atoms are composed of protons (nucleus; positive), neutrons (nucleus; neutral) and electrons (shell; negative). The electrons are extremely far away from the nucleus if Mr. Uetz s was the nucleus, the electron would be at Uttwil. YOU KNOW THE STRUCTURE OF THE NUCLEUS OF THE ATOMS AND KNOW THE CONNECTION BETWEEN THE STRUCTURE OF THE NUCLEUS AND THE PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS The periodic table is sorted by the number of protons (Ordnungszahl). The mass is calculated by the number of electrons and protons as well as with the neutrons (which have the same mass as the protons). YOU KNOW THE STRUCTURE OF THE ATOM IN THE SHELL MODEL AND YOU ARE ABLE TO DRAW ANY ATOM OF THE MAIN GROUP ELEMENTS IN THE SHELL MODEL The ELECTRONS are organized in different shells, where each shell can contain a maximum of electrons. You can calculate the number of electrons by using this formula By taking electrons away from the atom in reactions, you encounter difficulties (read: need more energy) when you enter inner shell for the Magnesium this looks as follow. (Look at the jump between electron 2 and 3 and 10 and 11) Chemistry 4/2 Seite 3 von 5
4 Chemistry 4/2 Seite 4 von 5 Ionisation Energy Electron 1 Electron Electron Electron Electron Electron Electron Electron Electron Electron Electron Electron YOU CAN EXPLAIN WHY MELTED SALT CAN CONDUCT ELECTRIC CURRENT A salt is stable crytal compound whereas when melted the ions can move and hereby conduct electricitsy. YOU CAN EXPLAIN WHICH CHARGE A SODIUM ION AND A CHLORIDE ION HAVE RULE: METALS (WHEN AS ION) ARE POSITIVE, NON-METALS (WHEN AS ION) ARE NEGATIVE For the sodium it s far easier to give away one electron than gaining seven to have a complete outer shell. For the chlorine in contrary it s realtively easy to gain one electron rather having to give away seven electrons. YOU KNOW HOW TO EXPLAIN THE FORCE BETWEEN THE IONS IN A SALT CRYSTAL The different charged ions attract eachother. YOU CAN DESCRIBE IN DETAILS HOW NACL IS FORMED IN A REACTION OF SODIUM (NA) AND CHLORINE (CL) An electron from the sodium atom goes to the chlorine atom. YOU KNOW THE EXPRESSION OUTER SHELL ELECTRONS AND ARE ABLE TO DRAW THE ELECTRON DIAGRAM FOR ALL GROUP ELEMENT The OUTER SHELL ELECTRONS are the electrons in the outer shell, which are the only really IMPORTANT ELECTRONS IN REACTIONS. YOU KNOW THE RULE OF EIGHT (N OBLE GAS) AND YOU CAN EXPLAIN WHY SOME ATOMS FORM MOLECULES TO FULFILL THE RULE OF EIGHT (NOBLE GAS) The RULE OF EIGHT states, every atom wants to have its outer shell filled completely which is in most cases eight electrons. YOU KNOW WHAT A COVALENT BOND IS AND CAN EXPLAIN HOW A COVALENT BOND IS FORMED BETWEEN TWO ATOMS DEFINITION: A COVALENT BOND IS A FORM OF CHEMICAL BONDING THAT IS CHARACTERIZED BY THE SHARING OF PAIRS OF ELECTRONS BETWEEN ATOMS. Chemistry 4/2 Seite 4 von 5
5 Chemistry 4/2 Seite 5 von 5 YOU ARE ABLE TO DRAW THE LEWIS FORMULA FOR ANY SIMPLE MOLECULE DEFINITION: LEWIS STRUCTURES ARE DIAGRAMS THAT SHOW THE BONDING BETWEEN ATOMS OF A MOLECULE AND THE LONE PAIRS OF ELECTRONS THAT MAY EXIST IN THE MOLECULE. YOU CAN DISTINGUISH BETWEEN A BONDING PAIR OF ELECTRONS AND A LONE PAIR OF ELECTRONS DEFINITION: A LONE PAIR IS A VALENCE ELECTRON PAIR WITHOUT BONDING OR SHARING WITH OTHER ATOMS. A bonding pair is involved in bonding or sharing. YOU CAN SHOW WHAT A DATIVE BOND IS AND ARE THEREFORE ABLE TO DRAW MORE COMPLEX MOLECULES One partner gives to electrons and the other one none. YOU ARE ABLE TO DESCRIBE THE THREE DIMENSIONAL SHAPE OF ANY MOLECULE There are several different forms - Linear - Planar-trigonal - Tetraedrisch - Trigonal-bipyramidal - Oktaedrisch SOURCES Definitions by Wikipedia Chemistry 4/2 Seite 5 von 5
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