1. (a) Give the full electronic configuration of an atom of oxygen and give the reason why oxygen is classed as a p-block element
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1 1. (a) Give the full electronic configuration of an atom of oxygen and give the reason why oxygen is classed as a p-block element. (c) (d) Write equations to show the changes occurring when the first and second electron affinities for oxygen are measured. First electron affinity. Second electron affinity. When an element, E, is burned in oxygen, a crimson red flame is seen and a white solid oxide is formed. Give the names of two elements from different groups of the Periodic Table that could be element E. For each of the elements given in, write an equation to represent its reaction with oxygen. When lithium nitrate and sodium nitrate are heated separately, both decompose giving oxygen gas as one of the products. Which of these two nitrates would decompose at the lower temperature? Give the name of any other product formed when sodium nitrate is heated. (iii) Write an equation for the thermal decomposition of lithium nitrate. (Total 13 marks) NT Exampro 1
2 2. (a) Complete the boxes below to show the electronic configuration of the magnesium atom and the magnesium ion, using the convention shown. Mg atom 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p (c) Mg ion Define the term second ionisation energy. Illustrate your answer with an equation. The first three ionisation energies of magnesium are 736, 1450 and 7740 kj mol 1 respectively. Explain why the second ionisation energy of magnesium is bigger than the first one. Account for the considerable difference between the values of the second and third ionisation energies of magnesium. NT Exampro 2
3 (d) First ionisation energy/kj mol Atomic number A plot of first ionisation energy against atomic number for eight consecutive elements in the Periodic Table is shown above. Give the names of the first and last elements to which the plot might apply. First element.... Last element.... (e) Which of the following hydroxides is the most soluble in water? (iii) Mg(OH) 2 or Ca(OH) 2 or Sr(OH) 2 or Ba(OH) 2 Which of the following carbonates will decompose at the lowest temperature? Na 2 CO 3 or K 2 CO 3 or MgCO 3 or CaCO 3 Suggest which of the following metals is likely to react most vigorously with water. Na or K or Mg or Ca (iv) Which of the following chlorides gives a lilac flame colour? NaCl or KCl or CaCl 2 or SrCl 2 NT Exampro 3
4 (f) Explain why magnesium chloride, MgCl 2, has more covalent character than magnesium fluoride, MgF 2. (Total 17 marks) 3. (a) Complete the electronic configuration of a sulphur atom. 1s2... Deduce the number of neutrons in the nucleus of an atom of 32S. Define the term first electron affinity. The following equation represents the change occurring when the second electron affinity of sulphur is measured. S (g) +e S2 (g) Explain why the second electron affinity of an element is endothermic. (Total 7 marks) NT Exampro 4
5 4. (a) Define the term first ionisation energy for magnesium. The logarithm of successive ionisation energies for magnesium is plotted in the graph below. Log ionisation energy /kj mol Number of electron removed Explain what this graph tells you about the electron arrangement in the magnesium atom. (c) Give the full electronic configuration of magnesium using the s,p,d notation.... Explain why all isotopes of magnesium have the same chemical properties (Total 9 marks) NT Exampro 5
6 5. (a) Complete the following table: Particle Relative charge Relative mass Proton 1 Electron 1 (c) Neutron 1 State the number of each of the above particles present in one molecule of CH 4, showing clearly how you arrive at your answer. Complete the electronic configuration of a chlorine atom. 1s2... (d) Give the formula of the chlorine species composed of 17 protons, 20 neutrons and 16 electrons. (e) Write one equation in each case to represent the change occurring when the following quantities are measured. The first electron affinity of sulphur.... The first ionisation energy of sulphur... NT Exampro 6
7 (f) Explain why the first ionisation energy of chlorine is higher than that of sulphur. (Total 14 marks) 6. (a) Complete the electronic configuration of calcium. 1s2... State the number of electrons in the outer shell of an atom of chlorine... Write the equation for the reaction of calcium with chlorine to produce calcium chloride. (iii).. Name the type of bonding in calcium chloride... Draw a dot and cross diagram for calcium chloride showing all the outer electrons. (Total 7 marks) NT Exampro 7
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