CHEMICAL BONDING SUTHERLAND HIGH SCHOOL GRADE 10 PHYSICAL SCIENCE TB. 103 K. FALING EDITED: R. BASSON

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1 CHEMICAL BONDING SUTHERLAND HIGH SCHOOL K. FALING EDITED: R. BASSON GRADE 10 PHYSICAL SCIENCE TB. 103

2 HOW DOES BONDING WORK? The chemical reaction between elements leads to compounds, which have new physical and chemical properties. A bond is the force that holds atoms together to form molecules. This happens so that the millions of different substances found on earth can be formed. Intermolecular bonds/forces between MOLECULES Intramolecular bonds/forces between ATOMS There are ATTRACTIVE forces between the nucleus of one atom (+) and the electrons of the other atom and there are REPULISIVE forces between the electrons of different atoms. When the attractive force is GREATER than the REPULSIVE force that exists between them. Elements will bond with each other to become stable = full energy levels. Only valence electrons are involved in bonding. TB. 103

3 3 TYPES OF INTRAMOLECULAR BONDING 1. COVALENT BONDS - Between atoms of non-metals O O 2. IONIC BONDS - Between atoms of metals and non metals Na Cl 3. METALLIC BONDS - Between atoms of metals Cu Cu TB. 103

4 REPRESENTING BONDING Bonding is illustrated by using LEWIS DIAGRAMS. Requirements Only valence electrons are drawn. Electrons are represented as dots or crosses around the symbol of the element. VALENCE ELECTRONS? EXAMPLE GROUP NUMBER? TB. 103

5 IMPORTANT INFO ABOUT LEWIS DIAGRAMS VALENCE ELECTRONS ARE DRAWN. THEY ARE REPRESENTED AS DOTS BUT ALSO CONTAINS LINES TO REPRESENT SHARED PAIRS IN A CHEMICAL BOND. EXCESS ELECTRONS THAT FORM LONE PAIRS ARE REPRESENTED AS PAIRS OF DOTS, AND ARE PLACED NEXT TO THE ATOMS. EACH ELEMENT WILL GAIN, LOOSE OR SHARE ELECTRONS UNTIL THEY HAVE RECEIVED AN OCTET OF ELECTRONS = FULL VALENCE SHELL ELECTRON CONFIGURATION.

6 PRACTICE DRAW LEWIS DIAGRAMS FOR THE FOLLOWING STRUCTURES Ar Ca H Zn

7 HOMEWORK EXERCISE 8

8 BETWEEN NON-METAL ATOMS 1. COVALENT BONDS Single Double Triple ORBITALS WITH HALF-FILLED ORBITALS WILL OVERLAP AND ELECTRONS ARE SHARED SMALLEST PARTICLE IS A MOLECULE THE TYPE OF COVALENT BOND IS DETERMINED BY THE DIFFERENCE IN ELECTRONEGATIVITY NON-POLAR COVALENT - DIFFERENCE < 0.9 Attraction is shared equally POLAR COVALENT < DIFFERENCE < 1.7 One atom attracts the shared pair more than the other. IONIC - DIFFERENCE > 1.7 EXAMPLE: H 2 0 TB. 104

9 PRACTICE DRAW LEWIS DIAGRAMS FOR THE FOLLOWING BONDS Hydrogen H 2 Water H 2 0 Nitrogen N 2 TB. 104

10 IONIC BONDS OCCUR BETWEEN A METAL AND NON-METAL ATOMS INVOLVES THE TRANSFER OF ELECTRONS METALS TEND TO GIVE AWAY ELECTRONS AND BECOME POSITIVE IONS (CATIONS) AND THE NON- METALS TEND TO ACCEPT THE ELECTRONS AND BECOME NEGATIVE IONS (ANIONS) SO: METALS LOW IONISATION ENERGY AND NON-METALS: HIGH ELECTRON AFFINITY. THE CATIONS AND ANIONS ATTRACT EACH OTHER WITH STRONG ELECTROSTATIC OR COULOMBIC FORCES LARGE CRYSTAL LATTICES ARE FORMED THE SMALLEST PARTICLE MAKING UP AN IONIC CRYSTAL LATTICE IS AN ION EXAMPLES INCLUDE: NACl; KMNO 4 ; MGSO 4 ; CACO 3 TB. 106

11 DRAWING LEWIS DIAGRAMS THE IONIC BONDS Na Cl 2 TB. 106

12 METALLIC BONDS OCCUR BETWEEN METAL ATOMS THE ATOMIC NUCLEI WITH THE INNER ELECTRON SHELLS ARE TIGHTLY PACKED TOGETHER IN AN ORGANISED CRYSTAL STRUCTURE THE OUTERMOST ORBITALS OVERLAP THE VALENCE ELECTRONS ARE DELOCALISED AND CAN MOVE INTO ADJACENT ORBITALS OF NEARBY ATOMS. THE SMALLEST PARTICLE OF A METALLIC CRYSTAL IS A POSITIVE METAL ION EXAMPLE: PIECES OF ZN, FE, CU AND AG TB. 107

13 QUICK SUMMARY Property Ionic bond Covalent bond Smallest particle Ion Molecules Atom Metallic bond Types of elements Metals & non-metals Non-metals Metals How does bond occur? Electron transfer Sharing of electrons Positive atomic core with sea of delocalized electrons TB. 110

14 HOMEWORK EXERCISE 9

15 ALL MATTER IS MADE UP OF SMALL PARTICLES CALLED ATOMS A MOLECULE (NON-METALS) CONSISTS OF 2 OR MORE ATOMS THAT ARE BOUND TOGETHER BY STRONG ATTRACTIVE FORCES A CHEMICAL COMPOUND IS A GROUP OF TWO OR MORE ATOMS OF DIFFERENT TYPES THAT ARE HELD TOGETHER BY STRONG FORCES OR BONDS. THESE ATOMS ALWAYS BOND IN A SPECIFIC RATIO. TB. 111

16 MOLECULAR FORMULA The actual number and type of atoms in the compound. Example: H 2 0 C 8 H 18 EMPIRICAL FORMULA The simplest ratio in which atoms combine. STRUCTUAL FORMULA Shows the arrangement of the atoms and bonds TB. 117

17 BALL AND STICK SPACE FILLING DIAGRAM LEWIS STRUCTURE TB. 118

18 HOMEWORK EXERCISE 10

19 TEST EXAMPLES

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