Evidence for a Large Anomalous Nuclear Explosions in Mars Past. J.E. Brandenburg Mars Society Meeting

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1 Evidence for a Large Anomalous Nuclear Explosions in Mars Past J.E. Brandenburg Mars Society Meeting

2 The following paper was presented at the STAIF II Conference in Albuquerque In April 2014

3 Agenda Introduction: Solar System Isotopes Mars Xenon Anomaly Mars Krypton- the neutron paradox Mars Thorium and Uranium paradox Hypothesis: Natural Nuclear reactor on Mars Problems with The Natural Nuclear Reactor Hypothesis Summary

4 Mars Isotopes: Baseline We can compare Mars isotopes with those from meteorites Earth and other Planets which sampled the solar nebula

5 Viking Lander 1976 Mars Noble gas isotopes, especially Xenon and Krypton are exotic

6 Mars Meteorites Mars meteorites were identified as Martian because of trapped Mars atmosphere-because of its exotic isotopic signature

7 Mars atmosphere found in Mars Meteorites

8 Mars Isotope Anomalies

9 Mars Versus Earth Xenon Mars Vs Earth Natural Xenon (Normed to Xenon130=100) 1800 number density ( Xe 130=100) Xenon isotope mass (amu) Earth (natural) Mars Mars Xenon is very different form every other Solar System source

10 Mars Krypton Mars 80 Kr/ 84 Kr is enhanced 10% over Solar nebula baseline ( Earth 80 Kr/ 84 Kr ~enhanced 1% ) 80 Kr believed generated by neutron capture on 79 Br Neutron fluence of /cm 2 required on Mars rock

11 Mars Irradiation Evidence No neutron irradiation EETA79001_476 lithology A EETA79001_482 Lithology B Neutron irradiated ~ /cm 2 Mars Meteorite ETA Myr old

12 Mars Ar 40 is Super-abundant Argon 40 is produced by neutron irradiation of Potassium 39 changing it to Potassium 40 which decays after 1.28 Billion years to Argon 40 Mars 40 Ar/ 36 Ar, 1.9(±0.3) 10 3 vs Earth 40 Ar/ 36 Ar, or Mars ~ 6x Earth Consistent with large neutron flux on Mars soil

13 Mars Uranium and Thorium Paradox

14 Mars Uranium and Thorium Paradox

15 Mars Potassium Hot spot

16 Mars Thorium Mare Acidalium Utopia Planum Hot spot antipode

17 Two hot spots: This isotopic data is consistent with a large explosion in Mare Acidalium and a smaller one in Utopia Planum a hot spot in the South appears to be the approximate antipode from the Mare Acidalium explosion

18 Natural Nuclear Reactors In Africa, at 20 different sites, nature ran its own nuclear reactors 1Billion years ago due to groundwater invading uranium deposits

19 Hypothesis: Mars Had Its Own Natural Nuclear Reactor Uranium Thorium Rich body buried on Mars Groundwater invades body Natural Nuclear Reactor Operates

20 Mars Natural Nuclear Reactor Explodes Natural Nuclear Reactor Goes Unstable Natural Nuclear Reactor Explosively Dis-assembles

21 A Fine Hypothesis If natural nuclear reactors happened on Earth due to uranium deposits then they had to have occurred on Mars also Geologist

22 A Detective Story But the dog did not bark Sherlock Holmes

23 Problems with Hypothesis No crater at hot spot of radiation Xenon Spectrum is not from nuclear reactor

24 Mare Acidalium Site?

25 Mare Acidalium No large Crater Visible in Mare Acidalium or Utopia Planum

26 Utopia Planum?

27 Explosions Appear to Have Occurred Midair Explosion irradiated soil with Neutrons and scattered Thorium and Uranium around Planet forming broad-shallow depression

28 Thermal Fission Xenon Earth Atmosphere Xenon Reactor Fission Xenon Xe 129 Xe 129 is normally much less than Xe 132 in Fission reactor processes

29 If Xenon Isotope Spectrum Does Not Resemble Thermal Fission Spectrum, What does it Resemble?

30 Mars Versus Earth Fission Xenon Mars Vs Fission Xenon (normed to Xenon 129=100) number density ( Xenon 129=100) Xenon isotope mass (amu) Mars Xenon Fission Xenon

31 Earth Fission Xe Due to H-Bomb Testing Hydrogen bombs are boosted by fission of a uranium or thorium casing ~50% of yield is fission. This creates xenon isotopes.

32 Hydrogen Bomb Testing Fission of Uranium-Thorium casing doubles power of Hydrogen bombs

33 Fission Yield From 14 MeV Neutrons Fission driven by 14MeV neutrons in hydrogen bomb, produces more Xe129 than other Xe isotopes

34 Mars Versus Earth Mixed Xenon Mars Vs Mixed Earth and Fission Xenon (30/70) (normed to Xenon 129=100) number density ( Xenon 129=100) Xenon isotope mass (amu) Mixed Earth natural and Fission Xenon" Mars Xenon

35 Hot spot Mare Acidalium

36 Effects are Consistent with Mid- Air Thermonuclear Explosion with Fission Boosting Yeild ~10 9 Megatons

37 Sci-Fi Movie Dark Star (1974) directed by John Carpenter Featured destruction of Planets by very large Hydrogen Bombs

38 Therefore: Cause of Explosions must be Considered Anomalous at this time

39 Summary The Xenon, Krypton and U-Th anomalies are consistent with a large Thermonuclear weapon midair explosion in the past- and little else Cause of Explosions must therefore be considered Anomalous

Evidence for a Large Anomalous Nuclear Explosions in Mars Past. J.E. Brandenburg LPSC 2015

Evidence for a Large Anomalous Nuclear Explosions in Mars Past J.E. Brandenburg LPSC 2015 Mars Isotopes: Baseline We can compare Mars isotopes with those from meteorites Earth and other Planets which sampled