Matter. Anything that has both mass and volume.
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1 Matter Anything that has both mass and volume.
2 States of Matter Bose-Einstein condensate: Exists only near absolute zero. Solid: Definite shape and volume. Particles restricted to rotational and vibrational movement Liquid: Definite volume. Takes on the shape of the container. Particles free to move among each other. Gas: Indefinite shape and volume. Easily compressed. Plasma: Exists only at high temperatures.
3 Basic Definitions Mass: The amount of matter in an object. (a measure of how hard it is to change an object s state of motion.) Weight: The measure of the pull of gravity on a given mass. Volume: The amount of space an object occupies.
4 More definitions Atom: The smallest unit of matter that retains its chemical and physical properties. Element: A substance that cannot be separated into simpler substances by any physical or chemical change. Compound: two or more elements chemically combined. Pure Substance: Elements or Compounds.
5 Pure Substances
6 Pure Substances, continued Compounds are Represented by Formulas, continued These models convey different information about acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin).
7 Elements to LEARN! A block 1st Transition series Ag, Cd, Au, Hg, Pt, Sn, W, Pt, U
8 Mixtures A physical combination of two or more pure substances. Heterogeneous mixture: not uniform. has visibly different parts. example: A mixture of sand and water is a heterogenous mixture. Homogeneous mixture: uniform. No visibly different parts. examples: gasoline, syrup, and air
9 Types of Mixtures
10 Particle Models for Gold and Gold Alloy
11 Mixtures, continued Distinguishing Mixtures from Compounds The properties of a mixture reflect the properties of the substances it contains. The properties of a compound often are very different from the properties of the elements that make it up. A mixture s components can be present in varying proportions. A compound has a definite composition in terms of the masses of its elements.
12 Classifying Matter
13 Separation Techniques The following are used to separate components of a mixture. Filtration: separates a solid from a liquid. Distillation: separates solid or liquid from liquid. Crystallization: used to purify solids by controlled precipitation. Chromatography: separates solids by the differences in rate of travel through a substrate. Types include: paper, thin layer (TLC), and column.
14 Intensive vs Extensive Properties Intensive Property: -does not depend on the amount of the substance Examples: density, melting point, boiling point, Extensive Property: -depends on the size of the sample Examples: Mass, volume.
15
16 Standardized Test Preparation Understanding Concepts 1. Which of the following is best classified as a homogeneous mixture? A. blood B. copper wire C. pizza D. hot tea Chapter menu Resources Copyright by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
17 Standardized Test Preparation Understanding Concepts 1. Which of the following is best classified as a homogeneous mixture? A. blood B. copper wire C. pizza D. hot tea Chapter menu Resources Copyright by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
18 Standardized Test Preparation Understanding Concepts 2. Which of the following statements about compounds is true? F. A compound contains only one element. G. A compound can be classified as either heterogeneous or homogeneous. H. A compound has a defined ratio by mass of the elements that it contains. I. A compound varies in chemical composition depending on the sample size. Chapter menu Resources Copyright by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
19 Standardized Test Preparation Understanding Concepts 2. Which of the following statements about compounds is true? F. A compound contains only one element. G. A compound can be classified as either heterogeneous or homogeneous. H. A compound has a defined ratio by mass of the elements that it contains. I. A compound varies in chemical composition depending on the sample size. Chapter menu Resources Copyright by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
20 Standardized Test Preparation Understanding Concepts 3. Which of the following is an element? A. BaCl 2 B. CO C. He D. NaOH Chapter menu Resources Copyright by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
21 Standardized Test Preparation Understanding Concepts 3. Which of the following is an element? A. BaCl 2 B. CO C. He D. NaOH Chapter menu Resources Copyright by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
22 Standardized Test Preparation Understanding Concepts 4. Is photosynthesis, in which light energy is captured by plants to make sugar from carbon dioxide and water, a physical change or a chemical change? Explain your answer. Chapter menu Resources Copyright by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
23 Standardized Test Preparation Understanding Concepts 4. Is photosynthesis, in which light energy is captured by plants to make sugar from carbon dioxide and water, a physical change or a chemical change? Explain your answer. Answer: Photosynthesis is a chemical change because the products of the change are different substances than the starting materials. Chapter menu Resources Copyright by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
24 Standardized Test Preparation Understanding Concepts 5. A student checks the volume, melting point, and shape of two unlabeled samples of matter and finds that the measurements are identical. He concludes that the samples have the same chemical composition. Is this a valid conclusion? What additional information might be collected to test this conclusion? Chapter menu Resources Copyright by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
25 Standardized Test Preparation Understanding Concepts 5. A student checks the volume, melting point, and shape of two unlabeled samples of matter and finds that the measurements are identical. He concludes that the samples have the same chemical composition. Is this a valid conclusion? What additional information might be collected to test this conclusion? Answer: The conclusion is not valid because volume and shape give no information about identity and two different substances can have the same melting point. Additional information could include determining additional physical properties or chemical properties. Chapter menu Resources Copyright by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
26 Standardized Test Preparation Understanding Concepts 6. Describe the physical and chemical changes that occur when a pot of water is boiled over a campfire. Chapter menu Resources Copyright by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
27 Standardized Test Preparation Understanding Concepts 6. Describe the physical and chemical changes that occur when a pot of water is boiled over a campfire. Answer: A physical change is the conversion of liquid water to vapor. A chemical change is the reaction between wood and oxygen that generates heat while forming carbon dioxide and ash. Chapter menu Resources Copyright by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
28 Physical and Chemical Changes: Physical Property: Anything you can observe about a substance without changing its identity. Examples: Density, melting point, boiling point, color, etc Physical Change: process that does not alter the chemical properties of the substance. Examples: melting, boiling, freezing, tearing, dissolving, etc
29 Chemical Property: How the substance reacts chemically. (Irons tendency to rust is a chemical property) Chemical Change: process that produces new substances with new physical and chemical properties. Examples: burning, oxidation, electrolysis, decomposition.
30 Evidence of a Chemical Change
31 Evidence of a chemical change 1. Color Change 2. Evolution of a gas. 3. Heat and or light. 4. Formation of a precipitate.
Anything occupying space and having mass. Matter exists in three states.
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