Atomic Structure. Nuclear Chemistry

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1 L ', / C.P. Chemistry Test 2 Study Guide Atomic Structure Describe each scientist's contribution to the development of the atom: Democritus, Dalton, Thomson, Rutherford, Chadwick, Bohr, Schrodinger, Moseley Define an atom. Identify the subatomic particles by relative charge, mass and location. Explain the role of atomic number in determining the identity of an atom. Define an isotope and explain why atomic masses are not whole numbers. Calculate the number of electrons, protons, and neutrons in an atom given its mass number and atomic number. Calculate the average atomic mass of an element Nuclear Chemistry List the founding scientists in the study of radioactivity and state their discoveries. Identify alpha, beta, and gamma radiation in terms of composition and key properties. Explain why certain nuclei are radioactive. Write balanced nuclear equations. Calculate the half-life of a radioactive material. Explain how radiation can affect living things.

2 C.P. Chemistry Name Review: Atomic Theory/Structure Date Pd. Answer each of the following questions as completely as possible including all units and showing all work. 1. Briefly describe each scientist's contribution to the development of the atom. Include sketches where you see an *. a. Democritus \ 1 Cl to f'r\ OS II o ~O~ ~O'f\.~.', e- All ma.:ller 15 mttcb '6 pttrhcl.t.f M&I.i- Tn! J.e pa..... n wah-!.a.,11u1 dvwt..!' 14h~o1 be dt~tj~" # b. John Dalton. f) /f07 R-+r:m1Ic,tJpde-l- Solid fl-t-oj1l1/c ~ - 5 pttrh s~e. 'dour t\-)'kl ~ ~ pp T) c. 11 Thomson h I f) j) I <i97 PlUM Pu.dd'-"y rnodl/ oj! J4trM-t. e. '5 S 6A..-~ -+h rlaov.:i- ~ 4 ~sc.o~~ d. Ernest Rutherford ele~ [) I q 1/ 1-1odd 01- Atv"'-1 - e".s IU v-d 1"'-5 4 YVl.<i1J r'\-t. c1.t UJ'. A-"ft,l W\ IS N\o.s-t~ ~~p~ ~p~ce. ~ Golt! ~i\ t4p.u'\~- eja's.c6 ~rtfj t\la.dt.l..1s e. James Chadwick \ q S '2 cm's c..o Ift""J )~ U.'-h-D~ Iql3 f. Neils Bohr* t'\/)dd '7 e.-~ c..ot..dci bt ~\..O/\" etytll.t~d 1-h.tr Y\... "lett..r cj- s~t;-fic' o d,stt.t~~:-tj Lor-b.lr) ~hev:9~ Ievelf.J OV".rhelu), e- Ct.f'"l... n)f I~ ~t'1 p+ ~~ sh.\\.s 'e - g. Edwin Schrodinger* \ 1'1 2~ eli~ c1u...cl C/Y GA"vt\l\,tI..tM MoW A' ~. e' s a~ I~ ~~~ Y'tWi7~ "- s\tclwy\ A.J A. p)-'z)ba.lbi IJ~ ~o4c1 h. Henry Moseley \ tt 13 A- tv n,s o-{' ~{CJ, ell mnd -eltmttd- bt~ L+ ~~

3 2. Compare and contrast Thomson's cookie dough model to Rutherford's model of the atom. Use pictures if necessary. ~ /hcsmstm - po>;-hirelj ~ -h~j/" witl1 Mj e-s cn.s~ e,.... ~ JVl>ltS~ C1lIJ- tf I' A Ic.Jr If pluth pudcl/a9 II Ykodel po';t,~ ~ f!.vt.j - po.s r-h lip I\,IJ. cjp I.U w ;'#-41 e k dvatti ~ I rc" I,~! "tk.t 1'\f.td.Lw.r - ~) sf1j t-vttp-/y -SIft ce e - 3. What is wrong with this statement: Nitrogen-14 and nitrogen-is ha protons and electrons. 7 _ N Itw'3eM Isa..,tvmlc ~ 7. r+ h4s 7 p+ amd e... ): b dx:"fu~ \~ i-~ r\\;\ h\b-u 0'" ""'~ IAfu~ f\j- IY ~.s 7 no d~j N-I5 hats 8 n o 4. An isotope of xenon has an atomic number of 54 and contains 77 neutrons. What is the xenon isotope's mass number? mass' ~.: p~ ; h 0 5. Fill in the following table: Name Symbol Atomic # Mass # Vanadium V 23 S\ I PDtass"II.IIM-~ j~19k I 9 3-f fv.eon ~ N 'Irvr\-j7 ~71.. Fe. 20 :;7 tobalt- 55 ~ Co :27 55 Hdlli~-3 '31. He 2- :3 Protons 23 1'1 10 Z Neutrons 2CZS II Electrons 23 1' , ) 6. Here are three isotopes of an element: 6 12 C a. The name of the element is: tttrbol'\ b. The number 6 refers to the tl.--:jvrnlc YlUM~V c. The numbers 12, 13, and 14 refer to the Yh~.ss nla~ ~ d. How many protons and neutrons are in the first isotope? 10 I ltj e. How many protons and neutrons are in the second isotope? It:, I 7 f. How many protons and neutrons are in the third isotope?_...lo~~.j =l-_

4 7. Alpha, Beta, or Gamma Radiation? oy Ga.~M~ ~ 42He A' ph6.. d.. 0 -Ie 3.e-/t;.. f3 Slowest High energy electron Electromagnetic radiation/most penetrating t1idha. kl~ ;-t... ~ Or WI m "'" '-' 8. Calculate the atomic mass of Silicon from the following data. Show your work. Mass Silicon Silicon % Abundance Silicon ';).7,Q 7?J. '1.2.13) ~?-8", qb 7):, ) '1 b8)... 2'I, Q711),03 9. Nitrogen has two isotopes, nitrogen-i4 and nitrogen-i 5. Which is more abundant? Explain. &".." 'th.t p.erlod I" hj'kj -thr Itl/t,~t a.:+owl.'i!. ~t'1.s.r &~ ~~" I.! SIV\ Ce. ly,007 is ~l,)~-t"s't 1-0 N-IY) ahd It. ~PrY~~ i--n M"~ V\ """",bev) N-I'-\ IS YVlI,/Y't t:thul1d4~i 10. What is X? Which type of radiation does the equation show? a. b. 162Re~ 75 the+x g' ;~Co~ ~Ni+X ~ I~ I,--/,o074WtIA c.~2;jnp + :He ~ pi","''''.''') J. o-lpm ~ 11. Write a balanced nuclear reaction for each of the following. a. Beta emission of carbon-i4. Iy 0 It> L -7 -I e b. Alpha emission of 238U. '1 r+~ L

5 12. The half-life of isotope X is 3.0 years. How many years would it take for a 20 g sample to decay and have only 5 g remain? Y.z 20g) = 10g Y.z log) = 5 g 2 half lives 2 heljji'les * 3 years = 6 years 1 haljjife 13. An isotope of cesium Cs-137) has a half-life of30 years. If 5 mg disintegrates over a period of90 years, how many mg ofcs-137 will remain? 90 yeth'9-* 1 halflife = 3 half lives 30yeef'5 3 half-lives... Y.z 5.0mg) = 2.5 mg Y.z 2.5 mg) = 1.25 mg Y.z l.25 mg) = mg mg will remain after 90 years

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