Unit 2: Essentials of Chemistry Homework Packet (80 points)
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1 Name: KEY Period: By the end of Unit 2, you should be able to: Essentials of Chemistry Chapter 1-2 & 4-5 Unit 2: Essentials of Chemistry 8. Explain the nature of science including the use of the validity of the scientific method and the difference between a hypothesis, theory and law 9. Explain and give examples of physical properties and chemical properties 10. Explain the three major states of matter and their physical and chemical characteristics 11. Explain and give examples of physical changes and chemical changes 12. Identify the five pieces of evidence that a chemical reaction has occurred 13. Define and classify matter including pure substances mixtures. 14. Understand the historical progression of structure of the atom including such models created by Democritus, Dalton, Thomson, Rutherford, Bohr, and Schrodinger 15. Define and identify examples of the laws of conservation of mass, definite proportions, and multiple proportions 16. Identify the structure of an atom including the relative masses of a proton, neutron, and electron, their relative charges, and locations in the atom 17. Define and identify isotopes and ions 18. Define and distinguish between atomic number and mass number and identify the parts of the nuclear symbol 19. Define and calculate average atomic mass in amu s Nature of Science (pg. 6-25) 1. Describe three nature of science ideas. a. b. Theories cannot become laws. c. 2. Explain why the scientific method is useful. 3. Compare and contrast theories and laws. Laws are quantitative while theories are qualitative. goldchemistry.wordpress.com Page 1
2 Chemistry and Matter (pg. 2-3, 34-37, 43, 48-49) 4. Define chemistry. Chemistry is the study of matter. 5. Provide a sketch of the three main types of matter and label each type. 6. Define physical properties and provide at least two examples. Physical properties are properties that describe the material. Two examples include smashing rocks and ripping paper. 7. Define chemical properties and provide at least two examples. 8. Define a physical change. A change in which the chemical nature of the material is unchanged. 9. Provide two examples of physical change. 10. Define chemical change. A change in which the chemical nature of the material is altered. 11. Provide two examples of chemical change. goldchemistry.wordpress.com Page 2
3 12. List the five pieces of evidence of a chemical change. a. Formation of a gas b. c. Emission of light d. e. Color Change Classification of Matter (pg ) 13. Compare and contrast atoms and elements. 14. Identify the following as either an element or a compound: a. Carbon Element b. Cl 2 c. NaCl Compound d. Sugar 15. Define an allotrope and give an example. 16. Compare and contrast homogenous and heterogeneous mixtures. Homogenous is uniform while heterogeneous is not uniform. 17. Identify the following as either homogenous or heterogeneous a. Salt water b. Chocolate-chip cookies Heterogeneous: you can see the parts. c. Orange Juice with pulp goldchemistry.wordpress.com Page 3
4 Historical Background of the Atom (pg , ) 18. State Dalton s Atomic Theory. a. b. Atoms of similar properties are grouped as elements. c. d. Chemical reactions break bonds, rearrange atoms, and form new bonds. 19. Draw the plum pudding theory of the atom. 20. What did Rutherford find in his experiments and what was the significance of this discovery? He found that the atom was mostly empty space and that the mass of the atom was held in the nucleus. 21. Draw a Bohr model of a carbon atom. Be sure to label the electrons and protons with their charges. 22. State the law of conservation of mass. Reactant mass is equal to the product mass in a chemical reaction. 23. State the law of definite proportions. 24. State the law of multiple proportions. Atomic Structure (pg ) 25. Compare and contrast protons and electrons. goldchemistry.wordpress.com Page 4
5 26. What is the purpose of the neutron? Unit 2: Essentials of Chemistry Neutrons spread out the protons to ease the tension of having too much positive material in one place. 27. How many protons, neutrons, and electrons are in Oxygen-15? 28. How many protons, neutrons, and electrons are in Hydrogen-1? P: 1 E: 1 N: How many protons, neutrons, and electrons are in Hydrogen-2 (Deuterium)? 30. How many protons, neutrons, and electrons are in Hydrogen-3 (Tritium)? P: 1 E: 1 N: Provide the charge on an atom that a. Loses two electrons. b. Gains one electron. -1 c. Gains three electrons. d. Loses one electron Oxygen-16 has a -2 charge. How many protons, neutrons, and electrons are in this ion? 33. Gold-197 has a -1 charge. How many protons, neutrons, and electrons are in this ion? P: 79 E: 80 N: Calcium-40 has a +2 charge. How many protons, neutrons, and electrons are in this ion? goldchemistry.wordpress.com Page 5
6 Nuclear Symbols (pg ) Fill in the chart below. Unit 2: Essentials of Chemistry of Protons of Neutrons of Electrons Atomic Mass Nuclear Symbol Helium Nitrogen-15 Oxygen-16 (two more electrons than protons) Magnesium- 24 Magnesium Calcium-43 (two more protons than electrons) Average Atomic Mass: Show work on these calculations. (pg ) 35. Explain why we use atomic mass units (amu) instead of grams or kilograms. Easier to work with than really small numbers of grams. goldchemistry.wordpress.com Page 6
7 36. The following students have the following GPAs: a. 8 have a GPA of 3.8 b. 5 have a GPA of 3.4 c. 6 have a GPA of 3.0 d. 3 have a GPA of 2.8 e. 2 have a GPA of 2.6 What is the average GPA in the class? 37. Determine the average atomic mass for the following elements: a. The percent abundance of Carbon-12 is 98.89%. The atomic mass of Carbon-12 is amu s. The percent abundance of Carbon-13 is 1.11%. The atomic mass of Carbon-13 is amu s amu b. The percent abundance of Neon-20 is 90.48%. The atomic mass of Neon-20 is amu s. The percent abundance of Neon-21 is 0.27%. The atomic mass of Neon-21 is amu s. The percent abundance of Neon-22 is 9.25%. The atomic mass of Neon-22 is amu s. c. The percent abundance of Gallium-69 is %. The atomic mass of Gallium-69 is amu s. The percent abundance of Gallium-71 is %. The atomic mass of Gallium-71 is amu s amu goldchemistry.wordpress.com Page 7
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