References. Adhikari B. and S. Majumdar (2004) Polymers in sensor applications, Prog. Polym. Sci., 29 (7),

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1 Abdelrazek E.M., Damrawi G. El, Elashmawi I.S., El-Shahawy A., (2010), The influence of γ-irradiation on some physical properties of chlorophyll/pmma films Applied Surface Science Abdul-Kader, A.M., El-Badry, B.A., Zaki, M.F., Hegazy, T.M., Hashem H.M. (2010) Ion beam modification of surface properties of CR 39, Phil. Mag., 90 (19), pp Adhikari B. and S. Majumdar (2004) Polymers in sensor applications, Prog. Polym. Sci., 29 (7), Ahmed S. F., Yi J. W., Moon M-W., Jang Y-J., Park B-H., Lee S-H., Lee K-R., (2009) The Morphology and Mechanical Properties of Polycarbonate/Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene Modified by Ar Ion Beam Irradiation, Plasma Process Polym. 6, Ahmed S. F., M. W. Moon, C. Kim, Y. J. Jang, S, Han, J. Y. Choi, W. W. Park and K. R. Lee (2010), Optical properties of surface modified polypropylene by plasma immersion ion implantation technique, Appl. Phys. Lett., 97 (081908), 1-3. Anslyn E. V., Dougherty D. A. (2006) Modern Physical Organic Chemistry (Edwards Brothers,Inc.: USA). Apel P. (2003), Swift ion effects in polymers: industrial applications, Nucl. Instrum. Meth. B, 208, Awasthi K., Kulshrestha V., Avasthi D.K. and Vijay Y.K. (2010) Optical, Chemical and Structural Modification of Oxygen Irradiated PET, Rad. Meas. 45,

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3 Blythe T. and Bloor D. (2005), Electrical Properties of Polymers, Cambridge University Press, New York, USA. Brydson J. A. (1995), Plastic Materials (Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford). Campbell D. and J. R. White (1989), Polymer Characterization, (Chapman and Hall, New York). Campbell D., R. A. Pethric and J. R. White (2000), Polymer Characterization: Physical techniques, 2nd ed. (Stanley Thornes, United Kingdom). Chalmers J. M., N. J. Everall and S. Ellison (1996), Specular Reflectance: A Convenient Tool for Polymer Characterisation by FTIR-Microscopy, Micron, 27 (5), Chalmers J. M. and P. R. Griffiths (2002), Handbook of Vibrational Spectroscopy, (John Wiley, UK). Chandrasekhar P. (1999), Conducting Polymers, Fundamentals and Applications: A Practical Approach (Kluwer Academic Publishers, USA). Chapiro A. (1962), Radiation chemistry of Polymeric Systems, (John Wiley & Sons, U. K.). Chapiro A. (1988), Chemical modifications in irradiated polymers, Nucl. Instrum. Meth. B, 32, Chen, K. W., Lin, J. F. (2009) The study of adhesion and nanomechanical properties of DLC films deposited on tool steels Thin Solid Films, 517 (17), pp Choi H.W., Woo H.J., Hong W., Kim J.K., Lee S.K., Eum C.H., (2001) Structural modification of poly(methyl methacrylate) by proton irradiation Appl. Surf. Sci ,

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6 Fink D., P. S. Alegaonkar, A. V. Petrov, M. Wilhelm, P. Szimkowiak, M. Behar, D. Sinha, W. R. Fahrner, K. Hoppe, L. T. Chadderton (2005), High energy ion beam irradiation of polymers for electronic applications, Nucl. Instrum. Meth. B, 236 (1-4), Fleischer R. L., P. B. Price and R. M. Walker (1975), Nuclear Tracks in Solids: Principles and Applications (University of California Press, Berkley). Flynn J. H., Wall L.A., (1966) General treatment of Thermogravimetry of Polymers J. Research of NBS-A Phy. and Chem. 70A(6), Fox A. M. (2010), Optical Properties of Solids, 2nd ed., (Oxford Univ. Press, New York). Gabbott P. (2007) Principles and Applications of Thermal Analysis (Wiley-Blackwell publishing, UK). Gauglitz G. and T. V. Dinh (2003), Handbook of spectroscopy, (Wiley VCH Verlag, Weinheim). Girolamo G. D., Massaro M., Piscopiello E., Tapfer L. (2010), Metal ion implantation in inert polymers for strain gauge application, Nucl Instr and Meth B. 268, Hadjichristov, G.B., Gueorguiev, V.K., Ivanov, T. E., Marinov, Y. G., Ivanov, V. G., Faulques, E. (2008), Silicon ion implanted PMMA for soft electronics, Organic Electronics: physics, materials, applications, 9 (6), pp Hadjichristov G. B., I. L. Stefanov, B. I. Florian and G. D. Blaskova (2009), Optical reflectivity study of silicon ion implanted poly(methyl methacrylate), Appl. Surf. Sci., 256, Hiemenz P. C. and T. P. Lodge (2007), Polymer Chemistry, (CRC Press, New York). 137

7 Himanshu A. K., S. K. Bandyopadhayay, P. Sen, N. N. Mondal, A. Talpatra, G. S. Taki, T. P.Sinha (2011), Electrical studies of low energy Ar9+ irradiated conducting polymer PANI PVA, Rad. Phys. Chem., 80, Hioki T., S. Noda, M. Sugiura, M. Kakeno, K. Yamada, J. Kawamoto (1983), Electrical and optical properties of ion-irradiated organic polymer Kapton H, Appl. Phys. Lett., 43 (1), Hollas J.M. (2005), Modern Spectroscopy, (John Wiley & Sons Ltd., USA). Hong W., H. J. Woo, H. W. Choi, Y. S. Kim, G. Kim (2001), Optical property modification of PMMA by ion-beam implantation, Appl. Surf. Sci., , Hong M., A. K. Y. Jen, L. R. Dalton (2002), Polymer-based optical waveguides: Materials, Processing and Devices, Adv. Mater., 14 (19), Horowitz H. H., Metzger G., A New Analysis of Thermogravimetric Traces (1963) Anal. Chem. 35(10), Hubbard G., Nasir M. E., Shields P., Bowen C. R., Satka A., Parsons K. P., Holmes N. H. and Allsopp D. W. E., (2012) Angle dependent optical properties of polymer films with a biomimetic anti-reflecting surface replicated from cylindrical and tapered nanoporous alumina Nanotechnology, 23, 15. Ichikawa T. and H. Yoshida (1990), Mechanism of radiation-induced degradation of poly(methyl methacrylate) as studied by ESR and electron spin echo methods, J. Polym. Sci., A28(5), Ikeyama M., Y. Hayakawa, M. Tazawa, S. Nakao, K. Saitoh, Y. Miyagawa and S. Miyagawa (1996), Changes in surface morphology and optical 138

8 properties of polymers induced by ion implantation, Thin Solid Films , Jagielski J., A. Turos, D. Bielinski, A.M. Abdul-Kader and A. Piatkowska (2007), Ion-beam modified polymers for biomedical applications, Nucl. Instrum. Meth. B, 261 (1-2), Jellinek H. H. G. (1978) Aspects of Degradation and Stabilization of Polymers (Elsevier Scientific Publishing Company : New York). Kalsi P. C., Mudher K. D. S., Pandey A. K., Iyer R.H., (1995) Thermal studies on unirradiated and γ-irradiated polymer of allyl diglycol carbonate Thermochimica Acta, Kemp W. (1991), Organic Spectroscopy, (ELBS, The Macmillan Press Ltd., Hampshire). Kittel C. (2004), Introduction to solid state physics, 7th ed., (John Willey & sons, India). Koenig J. L. (2001), Infrared and Raman Spectroscopy of Polymer, Rapra Review Report No.134, (Rapra Technology Ltd., Shawbury). Koenig J.L. (1999), Spectroscopy of Polymers 2nd Ed., Elsevier Science Inc., New York, USA. Kondyurin A. and M. Bilek (2008), Ion Beam Treatment of polymers, (Elsevier, UK). Koval Y., (2004) Mechanism of etching and surface relief development of PMMA under low-energy ion bombardment J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B Kulish J. R., Franke H., Singh A., Lessard R. A., Knystautas E. J., (1988) Ion implantation: a method for fabricating light guides in polymers J. Appl. Phys. 63,

9 Kuo S.W., Kao H.C., Chang F.C., (2003) Thermal behavior and specific interaction in high glass transition temperature PMMA copolymer, Polymer, 44, Kumar V., Goyal P. K., Mahendia S., Gupta R., Sharma T., and Kumar S. (2011), Tuning of Refractive Index and Optical Band Gap of CR-39 Polymer by Heating, Rad. Eff. Def. Solids, 166, Kumar V., P. K. Goyal, R. Gupta and S. Kumar (2011), Tailoring of optical band gap and the refractive index of heat treated Kapton H polyimide, Adv. in appl. Sci. 2, 2, Lee E. H. (1999), Ion-beam modification of polymeric materials fundamental principles and applications, Nucl. Instrum. Meth. B, 151, Lee S. J., Ha C. S., Lee J. K. (2001), Syntheses and characteristics of polyimides for the applications to alignment film for liquid crystal display, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 82, Lee T. W., Y. M. Kim and Y. C. Kim (2007), Effect of thermal annealing on the charge carrier mobility in a polymer electroluminescent device, Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst., 462 (1), Leo W. R. (1994), Techniques for Nuclear and Particle Physics Experiments- A How-to Approach, (Springer-Verlag, Berlin). Leont ev A. V., (2001) Local Modification of the Optical Constants of Polymeric Films by Ion Implantation Russian Microelect. 3, 5, Leontyev' A.V., Kovalev V., Khomich A.V., Komarov' F.F., Grigoryev' V.V., Kamishan A.S. (2003) PMMA and polystyrene films modification under ion implantation studied by spectroscopic ellipsometry Micro- and Nanoelect. Proceedings of SPIE Vol (SPIE, Bellingham, WA, 2004). 140

10 Lin C.T., Kuo S.W., Huang C.F., Chang F.C., (2010) Glass transition temperature enhancement of PMMA through copolymerization with PMAAM and PTCM mediated by hydrogen bonding Polymer 51, Liu J., T. F. Guo and Y. Yang (2002), Effects of thermal annealing on the performance of polymer light emitting diodes, J. Appl. Phys., 91 (3), Lu J., S. V. Deshpande, E. Gulari and J. Kanicki (1996), Ultraviolet light induced changes in polyimide liquid-crystal alignment films, J. Appl. Phys., 80 (9), Mallikarjun K. G., (2004) Thermal Decomposition Kinetics of Ni(II) Chelates of Substituted Chalcones E-J. Chem. 1(2), Manso M, Navas CR, Gilliland D, Ruiz PG, Rossi F. (2007), Cellular Response to Oxygen Containing Biomedical Polymers Modified by Ar and He Implantation Acta Biomaterialia. 3, 5, Mark J. E., H. R. Allcock and R. West (1992), Inorganic Polymers (Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey). Mathai C. J., S. Saravanan, M. R. Anantharaman, S. Venkitachalam and S. Jayalekshmi (2002), Effect of iodine doping on the band gap of plasma polymerized aniline thin films, J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys., 35, Menzinger M., Wolfgang R., (1969) The Meaning and Use of Arrhenius Activation Energy Angew. Chem. 81, 446. Migahed M.D., and Zidan H.M. (2006), Influence of UV-Irradiation On The Structure and Optical Properties of Polycarbonate Films, Current App. Phys., 6, 91. Nanda P., Sankar Maity, Namita Pandey, Ruma Ray, A. K. Thakur, Sujata Tarafdar (2008), Conductivity enhancement in polymer electrolytes on gamma irradiation, Rad. Phys. and Chem. 80,

11 Nichelatti E. (2002), Complex refractive index of a slab from reflectance and transmittance: analytical solution, J. Opt. A: Pure and Appl. Opt. 4, Niklaus, M., Shea, H.R. (2011), Electrical conductivity and Young's modulus of flexible nanocomposites made by metal-ion implantation of polydimethylsiloxane: The relationship between nanostructure and macroscopic properties, Acta Materialia, 59(2), Nouh S. A., Atta M. R., El-Melleegy W. M., (2004) A study of the effect of gamma and laser irradiation on the thermal, optical and structural properties of CR-39 nuclear track detector Rad. Effects and Defects in Solids, 159(8), Oreski G., D. Tscharnuter and G. M. Wallner (2008), Development of Methods to Determine the Infrared-Optical Properties of Polymer Films, Macromol. Symp. 265, Osaka I., Zhang R., Liu J., Smilgies D. M., Kowalewski T. and McCullough R. D. (2010), Highly stable semiconducting polymers based on Thiazolothiazole, Chem. Mater, 24, 14, Overhof, H. and Thomas, P. (1989), Electronic Transport in Hydrogenated Amorphous Semiconductors (Springer Verlag, Berlin. Pavia D. L., G. M. Lampman, and G. S. Kriz (1994), Introduction to Spectroscopy, (Harcourt Brace College, New York). Pivin J. C., P. Viel, G. Zalczer, G. Marletta (1995), Effect of ionizations and displacements on the hardness and optical absorption of some ion irradiated polymers, Nucl. Instrum. Meth. B, 105, Radwan R. M., Abdul-Kader A. M., El-Hag Ali A, (2008), Ion bombardment induced changes in the optical and electrical properties of polycarbonate, Nucl. Instr. and Meth. B 266,

12 Raja V., A. K. Sharma, V. V. R. Narasimha Rao (2003), Optical properties of pure and doped PMMA-CO-P4VPNO polymer films, Materials Letters, 57, Rizzatti M.R., M.A. Araujo, R.P. Livi (2001), The fluence effect os Ar++ bombardment in PPS, Nucl. Inst. Meth. Phys. Res. B 174, Rosen S. L. (1993), Fundamental Principles of Polymeric materials, (John Wiley & Sons, New York). Rosenberg Y., A. Siegman, M. Narkis, S. Shkolnik (1992), Low dose γirradiation of some fluoropolymers: Effect of polymer chemical structure, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 45 (5), Rouif S. (2005), Radiation cross-linked polymers: Recent developments and new applications, Nucl. Inst. Meth. Phys. Res., B236, Ruck D. M., J. Schulz and N. Deusch (1997), Ion irradiation induced chemical changes of polymers used for optical applications, Nucl. Inst. Meth. B, 131 (1-4), Saad A. F., S. T. Atwa, R. Yokota and M. Fujii (2005), Radiation-induced modifications on spectroscopic and thermal properties of CR-39 and SR-90 nuclear track detectors, Radiat. Meas., 40, Sahre K., K. J. Eichhorn, F. Simon, D. Pleul, A. Janke and G. Gerlach (2001), Characterization of ion-beam modified polyimide layer, Surf. Coat. Technol., 139, Salaneck W. R., D. T. Clark, E. J. Samuelsen (1991), Science and Applications of Conducting Polymers, (Adam Hilger, USA). Saqan S. A. (2007), Optical energy estimation of irradiated polypropylene, Int. J. Polym. Mater., 56,

13 Schmitz J. V. (Ed. 1996), Testing of Polymers, Vol. 2, (Interscience Publishers, USA). Shaban, A. M. (1995), The optical energy gaps of polymer films as controlled by thermal and ionizing radiations, Mater. Lett. 25, Sharma T., S. Aggarwal, S. Kumar, V. K. Mittal, P. C. Kalsi and V. K. Manchanda (2007), Effect of gamma irradiation on optical properties of CR-39, J. Matter. Sci., 42, 4, Sharma, T., Mahendia, S., Aggarwal, S.,Kumar, S., Kanjilal, D. (2011), 100 kev nitrogen ion beam implanted polycarbonate: A possibility for UV blocking devices, Optical Materials 33(11), Sibilia J. P. (1988), A Guide to Material Characterization and Chemical Analysis, (Wiley-VCH, Weinheim). Silverstein R. M., G. C. Bassler and T. C. Morril (1991), Spectrometric Identification of Organic Compounds, (John Wiley & Sons, Canada). Sinha D, (2012) Structural Modifications of Gamma Irradiated Polymers: An FT-IR Study Adv. in Appl. Sci., 3, 3, Singh B. K., Kumari P., Prakash A., Adhikari D.(2009) Nature and Science 7(7), Singh S., (2002), Refractive Index Measurement and its Applications, Physica Scripta, 65, Singh S., Sangeeta Prasher (2005), The optical, chemical and spectral response of gamma-irradiated Lexan polymeric track recorder, Radiation Measurements 40, Sinha D., T. Phukan, S. P. Tripathy, R. Mishra, K. K. Dwivedi (2001), Optical and electrical properties of gamma irradiated PADC detector, Radiat. Meas., 34,

14 Skompska M., M. J. Chmielewski and A. Tarajko (2007), Poly(1,8diaminocarbazole) A novel conducting polymer for sensor applications, Electrochem. Comm., 9(4), Smith, E., Dent, G. (2005) Modern Raman Spectroscopy - A Practical Approach (John Wiley & Sons, England). Sousa A.R., Arau jo E.S., Carvalho A.L., Rabello M.S., White J.R., (2007 The stress cracking behaviour of poly(methyl methacrylate) after exposure to gamma radiation ) Polym. Degrad. and Stab. 92, Stuart B. H. (2002), Polymer Analysis, (John Wiley & Sons, UK). Sun Y., Z. Zhu and C. Li (2002), Correlation between the structural modification and conductivity of 3 MeV Si ion-irradiated polyimide, Nucl. Instrum. B, 191, Taft E. A. and H. R. Philipp (1964), Optical properties of graphite, Phys. Rev. 138, Takahashi, Yuzo Evolution of electrical insulation technology in Japan (1994) IEEE Electrical Insulation Magazine, 10 (6), pp Tatro S.R., Baker G.R., Bisht K., Harmon J.P., A MALDI, TGA, TG/MS, 44, and DEA study of the irradiation effects on PMMA (2003) Polymer Tauc (1974) Amorphous and Liquid Semiconductors, Plenum Press, p Tauc J., Grigorovivi R., Vancu A. (1966), Optical Properties and Electronic Structure of Amorphous Germanium, Stat. Sol., 15, Te-Nijenhuis (2009) Properties of Polymers, by K. D.W. Van Krevelen, Elsevier, Oxford, UK. Teruyoshi, M. (2003) J Rubber Soc Industry, 76, pp

15 Thomas K. J., Sheeba M., Nampoori V. P. N., Vallabhan C. P. G., Radhakrishnan P., Raman spectra of polymethyl methacrylate optical fibres excited by a 532 nm diode pumped solid state laser (2008) J. Opt. A: Pure Appl. Opt Thompson J. M. T. (Ed., 2001), Visions of the Future: Physics and Electronics, (Cambridge University Press, U. K.). Townsend P. D. (1987), Optical effects of ion implantation, Rep. Prog. Phys., 50, Turos A., J. Jagielski, A. Piatkowska, D. Bielinski, L. Slusarski and N. K. Madi (2003), Ion beam modification of surface properties of polyethylene, Vacuum, 70, Wahlstrom E. E. (2000), Optical Crystallography, 3rd ed., (John Willey & Sons, Inc., USA). Wang Y. Q. (2000), Ion beam analysis of ion-implanted polymer thin films, Nucl. Instrum. Meth. B, , Whitman P. G., T. D. Fay, D. L. Bernard, W. J. Sheu, Y. Q. Wang and G. A. Glass (1997), A new scintillating plastic formed by ion beam modification, Nucl. Instrum. Meth. B, 127/128, Wilhelm P. (2008), Modern Polymer Spectroscopy: 17th European Symposium on Polymer Spectroscopy, (Wiley-VCH, Weinheim). Wilson J. E. (1974), Radiation Chemistry of Monomers, Polymers, and Plastics (Marcel Dekker, New York). Winder C., G. Matt, J. C. Hummelen, R. A. J. Janseen, N. S. Sariciftci and C. J. Brabec (2002), Sensitization of low bandgap polymer bulk heterojunction solar cells, Thin Solid Film, ,

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17 List of publications In Journals Renu Gupta, V. Kumar, P.K. Goyal, Shyam Kumar, Optical Characterization of Poly(methyl methacrylate) implanted with low energy ions, Appl. Surf. Sci., 2012 (Accepted). Renu Gupta, V. Kumar, P.K. Goyal, Shyam Kumar and Sneh Lata Goyal, Thermal and Electrical behaviour of 100 kev N+ and Ar+ ion implanted Poly( methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) polymer, Adv. in Appl. Sci. Res., 2012 (Accepted). Renu Gupta, V. Kumar, P.K. Goyal, Shyam Kumar, P. C. Kalsi and Sneh Lata Goyal, Effect of γ- irradiation on thermal stability of CR-39 polymer, Adv. in Appl. Sci. Res., 2011, 2(1), Renu Gupta, V. Kumar, P.K. Goyal and Shyam Kumar, Thermogravimetric analysis of heat treated CR-39 polymer, J. Chem. Pharm. Res., 2010, 2(4): Nidhi, Renu Gupta, Tanu Sharma, Sanjeev Aggarwal and S Kumar, Effect of thermal annealing on optical properties of CR-39 polymeric track detector, Indian J. Phys. (2009) 83(7), V. Kumar, P.K. Goyal, Renu Gupta and Shyam Kumar, Tuning of refractive index and optical band gap of CR-39 polymer as an effect of heating, Rad. Eff. and Def. in Solids, 2011, 166(2), P. K. Goyal, V. Kumar, Renu Gupta, S. Mahendia, Anita and S. Kumar, Modification of Polycarbonate Surface by Ar+ Ion Implantation for Various Opto-electronic Applications, Vacuum, 30 (2011) 1-5. P. K. Goyal, V. Kumar, Renu Gupta, S. Mahendia, T. Sharma and S. Kumar Change in the Electrical conductivity of N+ Ion Implanted Polycarbonate, Adv. in Appl. Sci. Res., 2011, 2 (3),

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