Applications and societal benefits

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2 Applications and societal benefits Domains of applications Energy Health Space Security Environment Heritage Science Materials Science Methods and Tools Nuclear data Theoretical models and simulation codes Instrumentation and detection techniques Ion and neutron beams Accelerator technology

3 Energy applications Nuclear energy is a carbon emission-free energy that can contribute to preventing climate change. Key issues Enhanced safety and reliability Sustainability Waste minimization Economical competitiveness Proliferation resistance New types of reactors Gen-IV Accelerator-Driven System (ADS) Fusion Space propulsion

4 Decay heat Energy applications New or more precise nuclear data are needed For new materials (coolant, structure, fuel) For some isotopes becoming more important (ex. minor actinides) In different energy spectra (fast reactors, ADS, fusion) TAGS + IGISOL separator + JYFLTRAP Penning trap Euratom FP7 ERINDA, ANDES, CHANDA, H2020 ENSAR2 Capture and fission cross sections Fission fragment yields Prompt and delayed neutrons Gamma-rays Decay data (half-life, branching ratios)

5 Energy applications Surrogate methods to overcome the problem of radioactive target availability Complex experiments to understand reaction mechanisms and constrain the theoretical models Nuclear structure and reaction theoretical or phenomenological models Uncertainty assessment (covariance data) Inverse kinematics experiments 12 C( 238 U, 240 Pu) 10 Be, E* = 10 MeV instead of n+ 239 Pu Evaluation 3 of a barrier height changes a neutron multiplication by 1000 p.c.m

6 Energy applications New or more precise nuclear data are needed For new materials (coolant, structure, fuel) For some isotopes more becoming important (ex. minor actinides) In different energy spectra (fast reactors, ADS, fusion) Methods and Tools Instrumentation and detection techniques Ion and neutron beams Accelerator technology: high intensity accelerators for ADS, neutron sources for fusion materials studies n_tof BaF 2 calorimeter IFMIF Accelerator Li Target Test Cell MYRRHA D + Beam (40 MeV, 2x 125 ma) Li Free Surface Neutrons (~10 17 n/s) 10 MW Specimens EMP Euratom FP7 FREYA, H2020 MYRTE

7 Health applications Published April 2014

8 Health applications Increasing interest for ionizing particles for cancer treatment and of imaging techniques using radiation properties Key issues New methods to better target the treatment on the tumor cell. Improved quality of imaging technologies while decreasing the dose to the patient. Effects of low-dose radiations MELODI SRA, ALLIANCE, EURADOS SRA Developments Particle therapy New radiosotopes for imaging and therapy Novel imaging techniques Radiobiology studies

9 Particle therapy Increasing number of proton and carbone therapy centres in the world patients treated by p, by C end 2015 Evolution of the number of p-therapy centres with time Role of nuclear physicists Measurement of fragmentation crosssections, production of β + emitters Nuclear model development Novel accelerators and gantries Key issues Accurate modelling of the dose delivered to the patient Accurate control of beam delivery Moving organs Other ions (He, O) BNCT FP7 ENLIGHT, ULICE, PARTNER

10 Imaging X-ray and nuclear imaging for diagnosis and guiding radiation therapy: PET, SPECT, PET-CT, PET-MRI, TOF-PET 3γ imaging : detection of two positron annihilation photons and a prompt third photon emitted from the excited PET isotope daughter nucleus. Role of nuclear physicists Developments in detector technologies: fast scintillators (LaBr 3 ), solid state detectors (SiPM), novel systems (3γ imaging) Monte Carlo codes (GEANT4-GATE) Data analysis methods FP7 ENVISION, ENTERVISION Key issues Improved quality of imaging technologies decreasing the dose to the patient Improved computation methods and speeds for more accurate and faster dosimetric calculations in real time

11 Radiopharmaceuticals New radiosotopes for imaging and therapy Key issues Novel accelerator-based production methods closer to the user New highly selective radioisotopes for therapy Theranostic approach: Therapeutic radiopharmaceuticals in clinical use or clinical trials (phase I, II or III in parentheses) or currently used (in bold) Reaction cross sections Decay data for dosimetry Separation and purification methods combining diagnosis and therapy ( 152,155 Tb/ 149, 161 Tb, 64 Cu/ 67 Cu, 124 I/ 131 I,. )

12 Radiopharmaceuticals New radiosotopes for imaging and therapy MEDICIS at CERN Role of nuclear physicists Production mechanism studies (reaction channels, cross-sections, contaminants ) Nuclear chemistry and mass separation techniques (AMS) High intensity accelerators, neutron sources

13 Radiation hazard in space Key issues Space applications Assessing radiation risk of astronauts on low earth orbits (ISS, space shuttle) or on mission to the Moon or Mars due to Solar Particle Events and Galactic Cosmic Rays 1 travel to Mars = 1.6 Sv Radiation damage to electronics (single-event upset) Simulation codes for radiation risk assessment and shielding calculations Measurement of relevant data (p to Fe induced reactions, MeVs to GeVs) Development of nuclear reaction models

14 Security applications Need to enhance capabilities against CBRNE (chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear, explosives) threats Key issues Detection of illicit trafficking of nuclear material Detection of explosives Early detection of radiological contamination Nuclear forensics FP7 MODES_SNM Interrogation methods n or γ sources, muons Improved radiation detection systems Detection of γ, prompt or delayed n New high-light yield scintillators (ex LaBr 3, SrI 2 ) Lightweight detectors Nuclear data Photonuclear reactions AMS

15 Security applications Need to enhance capabilities against CBRNE (chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear, explosives) threats Detection of special nuclear materials hidden in highdensity matrices could be achieved at ELI-NP in less than two minutes Interrogation methods n or γ sources, muons Improved radiation detection systems Detection of γ, prompt or delayed n New high-light yield scintillators (ex LaBr 3, SrI 2 ) Lightweight detectors Nuclear data Photonuclear reactions AMS

16 Environment applications Key issues To develop efficient technologies for elemental and radionuclide analysis to monitor environment changes. to reconstruct the past atmospheric concentration of mineral dust to correlate its variations with climatic change. To study and identify aerosol sources on a global and local scale and their effects on climate and environment Newly upgraded external beam PIXE set-up, with the 30 mm2 SDD for low-z element detection (1) two 80 mm2 SDDs for detection of medium high-z elements (2,3); Ge detector (4); tube for the He flow (5); Faraday cup (6); sample holder (7) at LABEC (Florence). Ion Beam Analysis (IBA) techniques: Proton Induced X/γ-rays Emission (PIXE/PIGE) Accelerator Mass Spectroscopy (AMS) FP7 AIRUSE, SPIRIT, SPRITE

17 Heritage science applications Key issues Use of the maximum number of simultaneous modalities to gain the maximum information Detection systems for higher efficiency and safer irradiations Synergy with other physical and chemical techniques should be promoted Better communication with stakeholders have to be set Participation in and support of E-RIHS is a crucial element FP7 CHARISMA, H2020 IPERION CH, E-RIHS IBA techniques, NRF Neutron techniques (activation, diffraction, imaging) Carbon dating AMS Muon tomography

18 Materials science applications Ion and neutron beams from nuclear physics facilities can be used to study the structure and properties of materials or modify them. Key issues Increasing sensitivity, depth and lateral resolution of analytical techniques Extending the temperature, pressure and magnetic field range accessible for nuclear methods Controlled modification and nanostructuring of materials Highlights Swift heavy ion irradiation: ion implantation for nanostructuring ISOL facilities : RIB for surface analysis FP7 SPIRIT, SPRITE

19 Materials science applications Ion and neutron beams from nuclear physics facilities can be used to study the structure and properties of materials or modify them. Highlights Swift heavy ion irradiation: ion implantation for nanostructuring ISOL facilities : RIB for surface analysis Fabrication of nanoporous graphene/polymer composite membranes using swift heavy ions at GSI/UNILAC (U 1,5 GeV) and GANIL (Au 1,1 GeV)

20 Materials science applications Ion and neutron beams from nuclear physics facilities can be used to study the structure and properties of materials or modify them. Highlights Swift heavy ion irradiation: ion implantation for nanostructuring ISOL facilities : RIB for surface analysis The perturbed angular correlation method

21 Key infrastructures GANIL (FR): nuclear data, particle therapy, radiobiology, materials science LNL-LNS (IT): Particle therapy, BNCT ISOLDE (CERN): radioisotope production, materials science JYFL (FI): nuclear data, materials science ALTO (FR): nuclear data GSI (DE): nuclear data, particle therapy, radiobiology, materials science, space KVI (NL): space, particle therapy NLC (HIL/IFJ PAN) (PO): particle therapy IFIN-HH/ELI-NP (RO): nuclear data, materials science, NRF, space ILL (FR): radioisotope production, materials science And small scale facilities: NCSR Athens (GR), AIFIRA Bordeaux (FR), CIRCE Caserta (IT), Darmstadt S-DALINAC (DE), Atomki Inst. for Nuclear Research, Debrecen (HU), Dresden- Rossendorf (DE), SUERC East Kilbride (UK), LABEC, Firenze (IT), MLL, Garching (DE), IKU Köln (DE), IST Lisboa (PT), CMAM, Madrid (SP), Oslo Cyclotron Laboratory (NO), Nuclear Physics Institute (CZ), CAN Sevilla (SP), VERA Vienna (AU), RBI Zagreb (HR)

22 Conclusions Recommendations for applications development Promote access to large-scale facilities, and support small and dedicated facilities. Continue to develop new clinical techniques such as theranostics. Develop compact systems for medical radioisotope production. Develop and disseminate accurate nuclear data for nuclear-energy generation. Promote expertise in areas with potential applications. Strengthen communications between the nuclear physics community and end-users.