The Decay of Radiochemistry
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1 The Decay of Radiochemistry and The Decay of Don Wiles
2 A short tour through the History of Radiochemistry Canadian Nuclear Society Ottawa, 19 March, 2009
3 Radium discovery and Development Artificial Radionuclides Nuclear Fission Applications and new Discoveries What s Next?
4 Early People involved Henri Becquerel Marie Skladowska Pierre Curie André DeBierne Early Assistants: Bertha Karlik, Elisabeth Rona, Ellen Gleditsch
5 Discoveries: Radiation and its behaviour New elements and their purification Medical uses of radiation
6 Later People involved Kasimir Fajans, Fritz Paneth, Frederick Soddy, George de Hevesy
7 Radium discovery and Development Artificial Radionuclides Nuclear Fission Applications and new Discoveries What s Next?
8 was a time of Major Advance The Neutron was discovered The Cyclotron invented Nuclear transformations were started Fission was seen but not recognized
9 People involved Fermi, Joliot, Hahn
10 23 Na (n,ã) 24 Na 24 Mg 238 U (n,ã) 239 U 239 X They found many isotopes In fact, it was nuclear fission!
11 Discovery of the Missing Elements 43 Perrier, Segre Marinski, Glendennin, Coryell Corson... Segre Perey
12 And the creation of new ones Neptunium: MacMillan, Starke Plutonium: Berkeley, Dubna, Darmstadt Many more (110 now?)
13 Meanwhile back at Port Hope Fractional Crystallization of Radium By Marie Curie s procedure: Ba(Ra)Br 2 / \ Crystals / \ / \ Solution / \ / \ / \ Radium / \ / \ / \/ \ Barium
14 The Radiation was Intense Monday Mornings the quartz crucibles were brown On being calcined, the solid glowed violet The Radium flame test is Red
15 DRW Fingerprints Radium Burn
16 Gamma ray energy (kev)
17 Radium discovery and Development Artificial Radionuclides Nuclear Fission Applications and new Discoveries What s Next?
18 People Involved Hahn, Meitner, Strassmann Seaborg, Sugarman, Coryell Thode Wilkinson, Harvey, Grummitt, Yaffe
19 U-235 â Decay Fission Products 2
20 Fission Yields became the order of the day 140 I 140 Xe 140 Cs 140 Ba 140 La 140 Ce
21 8 Fission Yields in U DRW Thode Glendenin Mass Number
22 8 Fission Yields in U Mass Number
23 Secrecy!! Senator Joseph McCarthy
24 Radiochemistry in Norway Identified Tin-132
25 Radiochemistry at Carleton Fifty years. Several different areas Taught many students
26 Radiation Sources: One would need: Reactors Cyclotrons Neutron Sources
27 Radium-Beryllium Photo-neutron sources Sb Be
28 Radium discovery and Development Artificial Radionuclides Nuclear Fission Applications and new Discoveries What s Next?
29 Hot atom reactions became important What happens to the chemistry of a Newly-radioactive atom? Too difficult for current experiments and theories
30 Mn / \ C C C O O O Mn / \ C C C O O O Mn 2 (CO) 10 Mn(CO) 5 What is happening?
31 Activation Analysis was a Big Thing in Archaeology Especially with high-resolution Detectors
32
33 But we had a better idea! Nitrogen in proteins 15 N (n,ã) 16 N Reactor neutrons have too high energy: 16 O (n,p) 16 N
34 Use a photoneutron source 9 Be (ã,n) 8 Be Using 124 Sb, (E ã = 1.76 MeV) the maximum neutron energy would be about 25 KeV. We had the largest neutron source in the world The flux was only 10 8 Not strong enough
35 Mössbauer Spectroscopy became the thing to do
36 Gamma Ray E ã = E - recoil ÄE= h/ät ÄE Chemical Energies ÄE Doppler Energies
37 57 Fe 57 Co ÄE Ät = h long life gives precise energy 98 ns, 144 KeV
38
39 Measuring alpha particles became the thing to do Led to environmental Radiochemistry Nuclear Waste Disposal
40 Radium discovery and Development Artificial Radionuclides Nuclear Fission Applications and new Discoveries What s Next?
41 Synthesis of radiopharmaceuticals Development of new irradiation techniques (theraspheres)
42 Radiochemistry has Changed Radiochemistry has now become a servant to other fields of study: Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Radiochemistry Environmental Radiochemistry
43 Chemistry of fission products in the environment Iodine-129 Chlorine-36 Technetium-99 Others?
44 How do we counter public apprehension? Where would one go now To Study in Radiochemistry? La Dernière Classe Environmental Radiochemistry?
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