A nuclear power plant is infinitely safer than eating, because 300 people choke to death on food every year. Dixy Lee Ray, former chair of the US
|
|
- Leslie Patrick
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 A nuclear power plant is infinitely safer than eating, because 300 people choke to death on food every year. Dixy Lee Ray, former chair of the US Atomic Energy Commission, 1977
2 Nuclear Chemistry Production of Materials
3
4 Atoms contain protons and neutrons in a nucleus surrounded by electrons in energy level shells. Isotopes of an element are atoms of that element containing the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons. Number of protons tells us what chemical species we have
5 Isotopes are named by their mass number.
6 Distinguish between stable and radioactive isotopes and describe the conditions under which a nucleus is unstable Isotopes of the same element have the same atomic number (Z) but a different mass number (A). eg 235 U, 238 U have Z = 92 Only 279 of about 2000 known isotopes are stable. In a stable isotope nucleus, the protons and neutrons are in a low energy level and are unable to emit radioactivity. Radioactive isotopes are unstable. They emit radiation as they spontaneously release energy. This is called radioactive decay. An unstable isotope is called a radioactive isotope or radioisotope.
7 The zone of stability Plot number of neutrons (A-Z = N) against number of protons (Z) Ratio N/Z of 1:1 up to Z = 20 Ratio N/Z of 1:1.3 at Z = 50 Ratio N/Z of 3:2 at Z = If N/Z ratio is too high or too low the isotope is unstable. Unstable isotopes lie outside the Zone of Stability (grey) in the blue area or beyond 2. Elements with Z > 83 (bismuth) are unstable and radioactive
8 2005 question 1 x x x
9 2009 question 1 Which of the following is an important factor in predicting the nuclear stability of an isotope? (A)Atomic radius (B) Nuclear radius x x (C) The ratio of neutrons to protons (D)The ratio of electrons to protons x
10 2006 question 3 x x x
11 If the ratio of the number of neutrons (N) to the number of protons (atomic number, Z) is too high i.e. (N:Z) > 1 or too low the isotope is unstable. 2. Elements with an atomic number of Z > 83 are also unstable and radioactive
12 Radioisotopes can emit 3 types of radiation Sheet of paper (most destructive) 0.5mm sheet of Pb 5cm thickness of Pb or 15cm of concrete (high energy) How do they behave in an electric field?
13
14 Modes of Radioactive decay neutrons atomic number mass number Neutron proton + electron Remember, the atomic number (Z) determines what element we have
15 Balancing equations for nuclear reactions Formation of tritium in a nuclear reactor: Formation of cobalt-60 in a nuclear reactor: -particle Because cobalt-60 has a neutron to proton ratio of 1.22 that is somewhat too high for the isotope with atomic number 27 to be stable - it lowers its neutron to proton ratio by emitting a beta particle (and gamma radiation) -particle -particle
16 Z = 28
17 The decay series of U238 -decay Unstable -decay stable An isotope will continue to decay until it becomes stable remember two reasons!
18 2002 Give both an example of alpha decay and beta decay. What is an alpha and beta particle? Explain how the atomic number and mass number change as a result of alpha and beta decay. Why is 206 Pb stable?
19 A fission reaction chamber A nuclear power plant uses controlled nuclear fission : energy & new isotopes
20 Describe how commercial radioisotopes are produced This example is only one of many possible results of nuclear fission.
21 6 new isotopes formed! And lots of neutrons
22 Nuclear reactions (a) atomic bombs (b) nuclear reactor All neutrons released can initiate further fission reactions All but one of the emitted neutrons are captured so that a steady controlled reaction proceeds
23 A light water nuclear reactor
24 so, in summary. When the uranium nucleus breaks up into two nuclei, many different possible isotopes can form (eg Rb, Cs, Kr, Ba). Differences in chemical properties of the elements produced can be used to chemically separate the different radioisotopes. Any U-235 that has not undergone fission can be separated and recycled into new fuel rods. The high-speed neutrons emitted can be used to bombard atoms of various elements to produce useful neutron rich isotopes.
25 Describe how transuranic isotopes are produced Transuranic elements are elements with an atomic number (Z) greater than 92 (the atomic number of uranium). Example: Neptunium & plutonium are generated by bombarding U-238 with neutrons (to form U-239) followed by subsequent beta decay. Transuranic elements from atomic number 96 and up are all made by accelerating a small positive nucleus (such as He, B or C) in a charged particle accelerator to collide with a heavy nucleus (often of a previously made transuranic element) target.
26 93, Np Neptuniam named after Neptune 94, Pu Plutonu named after Pluto 95, Am Americium where first produced! 96, Cm Curium after Curie s 97, Bk Berkelium city where University of California is located, Berkeley 98, Cf Califorium state where University of California is located 99, Es Einsteinium after Albert Einstein 100, Fm Fermium after physicist Enrico Fermi (chain reaction) 101, Md Mendelevium after russian chemist Mendeleyev (periodic table) 102, No Nobelium 103, Lr Lawrencium after Ernest Lawrence (cyclotron) 104, Rf Rutherfordium after Ernest Rutherford (atomic nucleus concept) 105, Db Dubnium Also called hahnium 106, Sg Seaborgium after Glenn Seaborg (chemist) 107, Bh Bohrium after Danish Physicist Neils Bohr (atom) 108, Hs Hassium after German Bundesland 109, Mt Meitnerium ater German physicist Lise Meitner (fission) 110, Ds Darmstadtium after Darmstadt, Germany 111, Rg Roentgenium after Wilhelm Roentgen (X-ray) The existence of elements up Z = 116 has also been confirmed
27 2010 Question 2 Which of the following is an example of a transuranic element? (A) C 14 (B) Co 60 (C) U 238 (D) Cm 249 x x x
28 2003 Commercial radioisotopes produced by fission reactions Bombard an isotope (eg U-235) with a high speed neutron from an accelerator. Give an example of two commercial radioisotopes produced eg Ba, Kr Fission reactions also produce excess neutrons that need to be controlled. How are neutrons controlled? describe a nuclear reactor, control rods Define a transuranic element atomic number >92. They do not occur naturally as they are unstable. They can be made by bombarding U238 with neutrons which then undergo beta decay They can also be made by bombarding an element with a small positive nucleus (He, B, or C) using a particle accelerator
29 2006 Define a transuranic element atomic number >92. Do not occur naturally as they are unstable. Discuss fission reactions, nuclear reactors and the need to control the reaction Can be made by bombarding U238 with neutrons which then undergo beta decay Can also be made by bombarding element with a small positive nucleus (He, B, or C) using a particle accelerator
30 Identify instruments and processes that can be used to detect radiation Remember: High energy radiation that causes ionisation of atoms is called ionising radiation and is potentially harmful to living things. 1. Most radioactive emissions are ionising radiation and are usually detected by a Geiger-Müller counter
31 Geiger-Müller counter
32 Identify instruments and processes that can be used to detect radiation Remember: High energy radiation that causes ionisation of atoms is called ionising radiation and is potentially harmful to living things. 1. Most radioactive emissions are ionising radiation and are usually detected by a Geiger-Müller counter. Best for particles, but can be used for and. Knocks an electron out of Ar atoms, giving rise to an electric pulse. 2. Low energy radiation that is too weak to ionise atoms is called nonionising radiation and can be detected by a scintillation counter (phosphor crystal that fluoresces when struck by radiation). 3. Vapour trails occur in cold supersaturated vapour of water or alcohol in cloud chambers ( leaves a dense trail, less dense, and even fainter. 4. Radiation causes photographic film/plates to become exposed
33 2003 x x x 2008
34 Half-Lives of Radioisotopes Not explicitly mentioned in the syllabus but this is a crucial concept in nuclear chemistry time taken for half the radioactive nuclei in a sample to decay
35 32 For example, phosphorus-32 ( ) has a half life of days 15P (the most abundant form of phosphorus on earth is 31 non-radioactive phosphorus-31 ( P ) P 16S + e - ( -decay)
36 Identify ONE use of a named radioisotope in (A) industry AND (B) medicine INDUSTRY 1. Sodium-24, leak detector in pipes, short half life 2. Caesium-137, irradiation of food/medical supplies 3. Cobalt-60, thickness guage MEDICINE 1. Cobalt-60, cancer treatment 2. Technetium-99m, medical tracer 3. Fluorine-18, PET scans Summarise the Use, Benefits and Problems - know their chemical properties
37 Describe the way in which the industrial and medical radioisotopes are used and explain their use in terms of their chemical properties TYPES OF QUESTIONS TO CONSIDER 1. Type/s of radiation emitted: good or bad? 2. High or Low energy radiation? 3. Penetrating power? 4. How is the radiation detected? 5. What is the half life? Good or bad? 6. Is it easily disposed of? 7. What does the radioisotope target?
38
39
40 2004 Many to choose from ONLY LEARN ONE for industry (and one for medical use) Know the correct mass number Know benefits and problems
41 2007 Name and describe properties for a radioisotope from (i) industry and (ii) from medicine Show link between the described properties and their use Describe the benefits and problems of their use on society / Provide a judgement PLAN YOUR ANSWER provide a logical progression to your answer; use correct scientific principles and ideas
42 2001
43 Concepts to Understand Key Terms: radioactivity, isotopes, radioisotope, fission, unstable nuclei, transuranic elements, ionising radiation Characteristics of three common radioactive emissions:,, How various forms of decay affect the mass number (A) and atomic number (Z) How the neutron / proton ratio correlates with nuclear stability and decay mode Monitoring radioactive emissions: Geiger-Müller counters, scintillation counters, photographic film and cloud chambers
44 Concepts to Understand continued How radioisotopes are produced commercially Transuranic elements and their production Applications of radioisotopes in industry AND medicine Learn how to assess benefits and problems associated with industrial and medicinal applications of radioisotopes.
45
46
47
48 Opal reactor ANSTO
49
50 Neutron guides to scientific equipment
Name Date Class NUCLEAR RADIATION. alpha particle beta particle gamma ray
25.1 NUCLEAR RADIATION Section Review Objectives Explain how an unstable nucleus releases energy Describe the three main types of nuclear radiation Vocabulary radioisotopes radioactivity radiation alpha
More informationUnit 3: Chemistry in Society Nuclear Chemistry Summary Notes
St Ninian s High School Chemistry Department National 5 Chemistry Unit 3: Chemistry in Society Nuclear Chemistry Summary Notes Name Learning Outcomes After completing this topic you should be able to :
More informationThe Search for Heavy Elements
Nuclear Science A Teacher s Guide to the Nuclear Science Wall Chart 1998 Contemporary Physics Education Project (CPEP) Chapter 8 The Search for Heavy Elements When a nucleus captures a neutron, it often
More informationUNIT 10 RADIOACTIVITY AND NUCLEAR CHEMISTRY
UNIT 10 RADIOACTIVITY AND NUCLEAR CHEMISTRY teacher version www.toppr.com Contents (a) Types of Radiation (b) Properties of Radiation (c) Dangers of Radiation (d) Rates of radioactive decay (e) Nuclear
More informationUNIT 10 RADIOACTIVITY AND NUCLEAR CHEMISTRY
UNIT 10 RADIOACTIVITY AND NUCLEAR CHEMISTRY student version www.toppr.com Contents (a) Types of Radiation (b) Properties of Radiation (c) Dangers of Radiation (d) Rates of radioactive decay (e) Nuclear
More informationRADIOACTIVITY: spontaneous disintegration of the nucleus of certain atoms accompanied by the emission (release) of particles and/or energy
RADIOACTIVITY: spontaneous disintegration of the nucleus of certain atoms accompanied by the emission (release) of particles and/or energy ~ TRANSMUTATION: the change of one element into another due to
More informationChapter 3. Radioactivity. Table of Contents
Radioactivity Table of Contents Introduction 1. Radioactivity 2. Types of Radioactive Decays 3. Natural Radioactivity 4. Artificial Radioactivity 5. The Rate of Radioactive Decay 6. The Effects of Radiation
More informationThere are no stable isotopes of elements above atomic number 83.
Nuclear Chemistry Stability of isotopes is based on the ratio of neutrons and protons in its nucleus. Although most nuclei are stable, some are unstable and spontaneously decay, emitting radiation. All
More informationCh 17 Radioactivity & Nuc. Chemistry Study Guide Accelerated Chemistry SCANTRON
Ch 17 Radioactivity & Nuc. Chemistry Study Guide Accelerated Chemistry SCANTRON Name No-Calculators Allowed /65 MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers
More informationName: Class: Date: SHORT ANSWER Answer the following questions in the space provided.
CHAPTER 21 REVIEW Nuclear Chemistry SECTION 1 SHORT ANSWER Answer the following questions in the space provided. 1. Based on the information about the three elementary particles in the text, which has
More informationRADIOACTIVITY: spontaneous disintegration of the nucleus of certain atoms accompanied by the emission (release) of particles and/or energy
RADIOACTIVITY: spontaneous disintegration of the nucleus of certain atoms accompanied by the emission (release) of particles and/or energy ~ TRANSMUTATION: the change of one element into another due to
More informationChapter 18. Nuclear Chemistry
Chapter 18 Nuclear Chemistry The energy of the sun comes from nuclear reactions. Solar flares are an indication of fusion reactions occurring at a temperature of millions of degrees. Introduction to General,
More informationRadioactivity. Ernest Rutherford, A New Zealand physicist proved in the early 1900s a new model of the atom.
Radioactivity In 1896 Henri Becquerel on developing some photographic plates he found that the uranium emitted radiation. Becquerel had discovered radioactivity. Models of the Atom Ernest Rutherford, A
More informationChapter 21. Preview. Lesson Starter Objectives Mass Defect and Nuclear Stability Nucleons and Nuclear Stability Nuclear Reactions
Preview Lesson Starter Objectives Mass Defect and Nuclear Stability Nucleons and Nuclear Stability Nuclear Reactions Section 1 The Nucleus Lesson Starter Nuclear reactions result in much larger energy
More information21/11/ /11/2017 Atomic Structure AQA Physics topic 4
Atomic Structure AQA Physics topic 4 4.1 Atoms and Isotopes The structure of the atom ELECTRON negative, mass nearly nothing The nucleus is around 10,000 times smaller then the atom! NEUTRON neutral, same
More informationAtomic Structure & Nuclear Chemistry Unit 3 Notes
Atomic Structure & Nuclear Chemistry Unit 3 Notes Academic Chemistry Name 52 24 Cr Mass Number Symbol Atomic Number Unit #3 Test Date You can never learn less, you can only learn more. R. Buckminster Fuller
More informationDetectors for the measurement of ionizing radiation
For the measurement of radiation, the following reactions during the irradiation of matter are predominantly utilized: Ionization in gases (Ionization chamber, proportional flow counter, release counter)
More informationAtoms and Nuclear Chemistry. Atoms Isotopes Calculating Average Atomic Mass Radioactivity
Atoms and Nuclear Chemistry Atoms Isotopes Calculating Average Atomic Mass Radioactivity Atoms An atom is the smallest particle of an element that has all of the properties of that element. Composition
More informationNuclear Radiation. Natural Radioactivity. A person working with radioisotopes wears protective clothing and gloves and stands behind a shield.
Nuclear Radiation Natural Radioactivity A person working with radioisotopes wears protective clothing and gloves and stands behind a shield. 1 Radioactive Isotopes A radioactive isotope has an unstable
More informationName Date Class. alpha particle radioactivity gamma ray radioisotope beta particles radiation X-ray radioactive decay
Name Date _ Class _ Nuclear Chemistry Section.1 Nuclear Radiation In your textbook, read about the terms used to describe nuclear changes. Use each of the terms below just once to complete the passage.
More informationRevision checklist. Step Learning outcome Had a look Nearly there Nailed it!
Radioactivity a Atomic models Describe the structure of an atom (in terms of nucleus and electrons). State where most of the mass of an atom is found. State the sizes of atoms and small molecules. Describe
More informationCh Radioactivity. Henry Becquerel, using U-238, discovered the radioactive nature of elements in 1896.
Ch. 10 - Radioactivity Henry Becquerel, using U-238, discovered the radioactive nature of elements in 1896. Radioactivity the process in which an unstable atomic nucleus emits charged particles and energy
More informationNuclear Chemistry. Proposal: build a nuclear power plant in Broome County. List the pros & cons
Nuclear Chemistry Proposal: build a nuclear power plant in Broome County. List the pros & cons 1 Nuclear Chemistry Friend or Fiend 2 The Nucleus What is in the nucleus? How big is it vs. the atom? How
More informationDifferentiating Chemical Reactions from Nuclear Reactions
Differentiating Chemical Reactions from Nuclear Reactions 1 CHEMICAL Occurs when bonds are broken or formed. Atoms remained unchanged, though may be rearranged. Involves valence electrons Small energy
More informationLecture Presentation. Chapter 21. Nuclear Chemistry. James F. Kirby Quinnipiac University Hamden, CT Pearson Education, Inc.
Lecture Presentation Chapter 21, Inc. James F. Kirby Quinnipiac University Hamden, CT Energy: Chemical vs. Chemical energy is associated with making and breaking chemical bonds. energy is enormous in comparison.
More informationUNIT 13: NUCLEAR CHEMISTRY
UNIT 13: NUCLEAR CHEMISTRY REVIEW: ISOTOPE NOTATION An isotope notation is written as Z A X, where X is the element, A is the mass number (sum of protons and neutrons), and Z is the atomic number. For
More informationand have low penetrating power) Alpha particles are released through alpha decay. Beta Particles: An electron that comes from a nucleus through
TOPIC 13: Nuclear Chemistry 1. When the atomic nucleus of one element is changed into the nucleus of a different element, the reaction is called transmutation. Stability of a Nucleus: Any element containing
More informationIsotopes Atoms of an element (same # p+) that differ in their number of neutrons
Isotopes Atoms of an element (same # p+) that differ in their number of neutrons Radio-isotopes Isotope of an element that is UNSTABLE. They spontaneously emit particles (energy) in order to achieve a
More informationPHYSICS A2 UNIT 2 SECTION 1: RADIOACTIVITY & NUCLEAR ENERGY
PHYSICS A2 UNIT 2 SECTION 1: RADIOACTIVITY & NUCLEAR ENERGY THE ATOMIC NUCLEUS / NUCLEAR RADIUS & DENSITY / PROPERTIES OF NUCLEAR RADIATION / INTENSITY & BACKGROUND RADIATION / EXPONENTIAL LAW OF DECAY
More informationNuclear Chemistry. In this chapter we will look at two types of nuclear reactions.
1 1 Nuclear Chemistry In this chapter we will look at two types of nuclear reactions. Radioactive decay is the process in which a nucleus spontaneously disintegrates, giving off radiation. Nuclear bombardment
More informationName Date Class NUCLEAR CHEMISTRY
25 NUCLEAR CHEMISTRY SECTION 25.1 NUCLEAR RADIATION (pages 799 802) This section describes the nature of radioactivity and the process of radioactive decay. It characterizes alpha, beta, and gamma radiation
More informationChapter 17. Radioactivity and Nuclear Chemistry
Chapter 17 Radioactivity and Nuclear Chemistry The Discovery of Radioactivity (1896) Antoine-Henri Bequerel designed experiment to determine whether phophorescent minerals also gave off X-rays. Bequerel
More informationNuclear Chemistry. Background Radiation. Three-fourths of all exposure to radiation comes from background radiation.
Chapter 11 Nuclear Chemistry Background Radiation Three-fourths of all exposure to radiation comes from background radiation. Most of the remaining one-fourth comes from medical irradiation such as X-rays.
More informationNuclear Chemistry. Technology Strategies for Success PO Box 1485 East Northport, NY (631) NYS-PREP
Nuclear Chemistry Technology Strategies for Success PO Box 1485 East Northport, NY 11725 (631)734-0115 1-888-NYS-PREP techstrategies@gmail.com Nuclear Chemistry Table of Contents 1.0 Nuclear Chemistry...3
More informationIsotopes of an element have the same symbol and same atomic number - Mass number refers to the protons plus neutrons in an isotope
7.1 Atomic Theory and Radioactive Decay Natural background radiation exists all around us. This radiation consists of high energy particles or waves being emitted from a variety of materials Radioactivity
More information: When electrons bombarded surface of certain materials, invisible rays were emitted
Nuclear Chemistry Nuclear Reactions 1. Occur when nuclei emit particles and/or rays. 2. Atoms are often converted into atoms of another element. 3. May involve protons, neutrons, and electrons 4. Associated
More informationChapter. Nuclear Chemistry
Chapter Nuclear Chemistry Nuclear Reactions 01 Chapter 22 Slide 2 Chapter 22 Slide 3 Alpha Decay: Loss of an α-particle (a helium nucleus) 4 2 He 238 92 U 234 4 U He 90 + 2 Chapter 22 Slide 4 Beta Decay:
More informationScience Faculty HSC Chemistry Assessment Task 2017
CAMDEN HIGH SCHOOL Tradition Opportunity Innovation Success Science Faculty HSC Chemistry Assessment Task 2017 TOPIC: 9.2 Production of Materials Research Portfolio MARKS: / 75 SUBMISSION REQUIREMENTS:
More informationNuclear Chemistry. Radioactivity. In this chapter we will look at two types of nuclear reactions.
1 Nuclear Chemistry In this chapter we will look at two types of nuclear reactions. Radioactive decay is the process in which a nucleus spontaneously disintegrates, giving off radiation. Nuclear bombardment
More informationRadioactivity. L 38 Modern Physics [4] Hazards of radiation. Nuclear Reactions and E = mc 2 Einstein: a little mass goes a long way
L 38 Modern Physics [4] Nuclear physics what s inside the nucleus and what holds it together what is radioactivity, halflife carbon dating Nuclear energy nuclear fission nuclear fusion nuclear reactors
More informationFiesta Ware. Nuclear Chemistry. 2009, Prentice-Hall, Inc.
Fiesta Ware 2009, Prentice-Hall, Inc. Measuring Radioactivity One can use a device like this Geiger counter to measure the amount of activity present in a radioactive sample. The ionizing radiation creates
More informationChapter 18 Nuclear Chemistry
Chapter 8 Nuclear Chemistry 8. Discovery of radioactivity 895 Roentgen discovery of radioactivity X-ray X-ray could penetrate other bodies and affect photographic plates led to the development of X-ray
More informationNuclear Chemistry. Chapter 23
Nuclear Chemistry Chapter 23 n/p too large beta decay X Y n/p too small positron decay or electron capture Nuclear Stability Certain numbers of neutrons and protons are extra stable n or p = 2, 8, 20,
More information1ST SEM MT CHAP 22 REVIEW
1ST SEM MT CHAP 22 REVIEW Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. (CAPITAL LETTERS ONLY PLEASE) 1. Mass defect is the difference between the mass
More informationChapter 21 Nuclear Chemistry
Free Study Guide for Cracolice Peters Introductory Chemistry: An Active Learning Approach Second Edition www.brookscole.com/chemistry Chapter 21 Nuclear Chemistry Chapter 21 Assignment A: Natural Radioactivity:
More informationAtomic Notation (or Nuclear Symbol): Shorthand for keeping track of protons and neutrons in the nucleus
Name Section CHM52LL: Nuclear Chemistry: Radioactivity, Decay, Dating, and Other Hazards There is no prelab assignment this week I. Radioactive Isotopes and Nuclear Equations Atoms are composed of three
More informationNUCLEAR PHYSICS: solutions to higher level questions
NUCLEAR PHYSICS: solutions to higher level questions 2015 Question 12 (d) (i) What is meant by the term radioactive? (Spontaneous) disintegration of a nucleus with the emission of radiation (ii) Name a
More informationCore Questions Physics unit 4 - Atomic Structure
Core Questions Physics unit 4 - Atomic Structure No. Question Answer 1 What did scientists think about atoms before the discovery of the They were tiny spheres that could not be broken up electron? 2 Which
More informationNobel prizes in nuclear and reactor physics. Szabolcs Czifrus Institute of Nuclear Techniques BME
Nobel prizes in nuclear and reactor physics Szabolcs Czifrus Institute of Nuclear Techniques BME Nuclear physics in everyday life Electricity: production in nuclear power plants Sterilization by the application
More informationUnit Two: Atomic Structure
Unit Two: Atomic Structure TEKS 5: The student understands the historical development of the Periodic Table and can apply its predictive power. (b) use the Periodic Table to identify and explain the properties
More informationKey Question: What role did the study of radioactivity play in learning more about atoms?
Name Chemistry Essential question: How were the parts of the atom determined? Key Question: What role did the study of radioactivity play in learning more about atoms? Vocabulary: alpha particle fusion
More informationNuclear Chemistry CHAPTER
Reviewing Vocabulary Use each of the terms below just once to complete the following sentences. alpha particle gray nuclear reactor beta particle half-life radioactivity deuterium nuclear fission sievert
More informationRADIOACTIVITY. An atom consists of protons, neutrons and electrons.
RADIOACTIVITY An atom consists of protons, neutrons and electrons. - Protons and neutrons are inside the nucleus - Electrons revolve around the nucleus in specific orbits ATOMIC NUMBER: - Total number
More informationCh 22 Radioactivity Nuclear Chemistry
AMHS AP Chemistry Name Period S T A T I O N 1 Q U I Z O N P E O P L E Match the people with the following ideas. Each name may be used once, more than once, or not at all. a) Albert Einstein b) Marie Curie
More informationChemistry 52 Chapter 11 ATOMIC STRUCTURE. The general designation for an atom is shown below:
ATOMIC STRUCTURE An atom is composed of a positive nucleus surrounded by negatively charged electrons. The nucleus is composed of protons and neutrons. The protons and neutrons in a nucleus are referred
More informationCHEMISTRY - MCQUARRIE 4E CH.27 - NUCLEAR CHEMISTRY.
!! www.clutchprep.com CONCEPT: NUCLEAR REACTIONS Nuclear Reactions deal with chemical processes in nuclei atoms. Unlike normal chemical reactions where the identity of the elements stay the same, nuclear
More informationMultiple Choice Identify the letter of the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
Radioactivity Test Review Multiple Choice Identify the letter of the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1. Radioactive s have unstable a. electrons. c. protons. b. nuclei.
More informationReview A Z. a particle. proton. neutron. electron e -1. positron. e +1. Mass Number Atomic Number. Element Symbol
Nuclear Chemistry 1 Review Atomic number (Z) = number of protons in nucleus Mass number (A) = number of protons + number of neutrons = atomic number (Z) + number of neutrons Mass Number Atomic Number A
More informationNuclear Reactions A Z. Radioactivity, Spontaneous Decay: Nuclear Reaction, Induced Process: x + X Y + y + Q Q > 0. Exothermic Endothermic
Radioactivity, Spontaneous Decay: Nuclear Reactions A Z 4 P D+ He + Q A 4 Z 2 Q > 0 Nuclear Reaction, Induced Process: x + X Y + y + Q Q = ( m + m m m ) c 2 x X Y y Q > 0 Q < 0 Exothermic Endothermic 2
More informationP7 Radioactivity. Student Book answers. P7.1 Atoms and radiation. Question Answer Marks Guidance
P7. Atoms and radiation a radiation from U consists = particles, radiation from lamp = electromagnetic waves, radiation from U is ionising, radiation from lamp is non-ionising b radioactive atoms have
More informationL-35 Modern Physics-3 Nuclear Physics 29:006 FINAL EXAM. Structure of the nucleus. The atom and the nucleus. Nuclear Terminology
9:006 FINAL EXAM L-5 Modern Physics- Nuclear Physics The final exam is on Monday MAY 7:0 AM - 9:0 AM in W90 CB The FE is not cumulative, and will cover lectures through 6. (50 questions) The last regular
More informationNuclear Chemistry. Nuclear Terminology
Nuclear Chemistry Up to now, we have been concerned mainly with the electrons in the elements the nucleus has just been a positively charged things that attracts electrons The nucleus may also undergo
More informationUnit 12: Nuclear Chemistry
Unit 12: Nuclear Chemistry 1. Stability of isotopes is based on the ratio of neutrons and protons in its nucleus. Although most nuclei are stable, some are unstable and spontaneously decay, emitting radiation.
More informationL 36 Modern Physics [3] The atom and the nucleus. Structure of the nucleus. The structure of the nucleus SYMBOL FOR A NUCLEUS FOR A CHEMICAL X
L 36 Modern Physics [3] [L36] Nuclear physics what s inside the nucleus and what holds it together what is radioactivity carbon dating [L37] Nuclear energy nuclear fission nuclear fusion nuclear reactors
More informationChapter 21
Chapter 21 http://youtu.be/kwasz59f8ga Nuclear reactions involve the nucleus The nucleus opens, and protons and neutrons are rearranged. The opening of the nucleus releases a tremendous amount of energy
More informationRadioactivity & Nuclear. Chemistry. Mr. Matthew Totaro Legacy High School. Chemistry
Radioactivity & Nuclear Chemistry Mr. Matthew Totaro Legacy High School Chemistry The Discovery of Radioactivity Antoine-Henri Becquerel designed an experiment to determine if phosphorescent minerals also
More informationNUCLEAR CHEMISTRY. LAST TOPIC OF THE YEAR!! Name: CHANGING THE NUCLEUS OF AN ATOM. 1 P age
NUCLEAR CHEMISTRY CHANGING THE NUCLEUS OF AN ATOM LAST TOPIC OF THE YEAR!! Name: 1 P age Why do unstable isotopes undergo nuclear reactions? Do Now: Draw Bohr models of three different isotopes of carbon
More informationStudents ScoreBooster Video Tutorials. JAMB (UTME), WAEC (SSCE, GCE), NECO, and NABTEB EXAMS. Chemistry.
Students ScoreBooster Video Tutorials on JAMB (UTME), WAEC (SSCE, GCE), NECO, and NABTEB EXAMS Chemistry Nuclear Chemistry-II (JAMB (UTME)) Presented by Saheed Adewale Lateef [B.Eng. (ChE)] Learning Outcomes
More informationAlta Chemistry CHAPTER 25. Nuclear Chemistry: Radiation, Radioactivity & its Applications
CHAPTER 25 Nuclear Chemistry: Radiation, Radioactivity & its Applications Nuclear Chemistry Nuclear Chemistry deals with changes in the nucleus The nucleus of an atom contains Protons Positively Charged
More informationNuclear Chemistry Notes
Nuclear Chemistry Notes Definitions Nucleons: Subatomic particles in the nucleus : protons and neutrons Radionuclides: Radioactive nuclei. Unstable nuclei that spontaneously emit particles and electromagnetic
More informationName Date Class NUCLEAR CHEMISTRY. Standard Curriculum Core content Extension topics
28 NUCLEAR CHEMISTRY Conceptual Curriculum Concrete concepts More abstract concepts or math/problem-solving Standard Curriculum Core content Extension topics Honors Curriculum Core honors content Options
More informationRadioactivity One of the pieces of evidence for the fact that atoms are made of smaller particles came from the work of Marie Curie
1 Nuclear Chemistry Radioactivity 2 One of the pieces of evidence for the fact that atoms are made of smaller particles came from the work of Marie Curie (1876-1934). She discovered radioactivity or radioactive
More informationMass number i. Example U (uranium 235) and U (uranium 238) atomic number e. Average atomic mass weighted of the isotopes of that element i.
CP NT Ch. 4&25 I. Atomic Theory and Structure of the Atom a. Democritus all matter consists of very small, indivisible particles, which he named i. Atom smallest particle of an element that retains all
More informationOXIDATION AND REDUCTION REACTIONS AS SOURCES OF ENERGY
Section 4 OXIDATION AND REDUCTION REACTIONS AS SOURCES OF ENERGY 1. What is meant by electrochemistry? The branch of science which associates electric current and changes in matter. 2. Give an example
More informationA. Identify the highly penetrating radioactive emission that exposed the photographic plates.
Name Unit 3: Nuclear Chemistry Date Part 2 Questions 1. In 1896, Antoine H. Becquerel discovered that a uranium compound could expose a photographic plate wrapped in heavy paper in the absence of light.
More informationNuclear Physics. AP Physics B
Nuclear Physics AP Physics B Nuclear Physics - Radioactivity Before we begin to discuss the specifics of radioactive decay we need to be certain you understand the proper NOTATION that is used. To the
More informationParticles involved proton neutron electron positron gamma ray 1
TOPIC : Nuclear and radiation chemistry Nuclide - an atom with a particular mass number and atomic number Isotopes - nuclides with the same atomic number (Z) but different mass numbers (A) Notation A Element
More informationChapter 10. Section 10.1 What is Radioactivity?
Chapter 10 Section 10.1 What is Radioactivity? What happens when an element undergoes radioactive decay? How does radiation affect the nucleus of an unstable isotope? How do scientists predict when an
More informationNuclear Chemistry. Chapter 24
Nuclear Chemistry Chapter 24 Radioactivity Radioisotopes are isotopes that have an unstable nucleus. They emit radiation to attain more stable atomic configurations in a process called radioactive decay.
More informationChapter 2: Atoms. 2.1 (a) NaClO 3 (b) AlF (a) The mass number is = 31. (b) The mass number is = 222.
2.1 (a) NaClO 3 (b) AlF 3 2.2 (a) The mass number is 15 + 16 = 31. (b) The mass number is 86 + 136 = 222. 2.3 (a) The element has 15 protons, making it phosphorus (P); its symbol is 31 P 15. (b) The element
More informationNOTES: 25.3 Nuclear Fission & Fusion
NOTES: 25.3 Nuclear Fission & Fusion Nuclear Fission: The splitting of a heavy nucleus into lighter nuclei FISSION: a heavy nucleus splits into 2 lighter nuclei some elements undergo fission spontaneously
More informationNuclear Chemistry. Mass Defect. E=mc 2. Radioactivity. Types of Radiation. Other Nuclear Particles. Nuclear Reactions vs. Normal Chemical Changes
1 Nuclear Chemistry Mass Defect 4 Some of the mass can be converted into energy Shown by a very famous equation! E=mc 2 Energy Mass Speed of light Radioactivity 2 Types of Radiation 5 One of the pieces
More informationChapter 21 Nuclear Chemistry
Chapter 21 Nuclear Chemistry The Nucleus Remember that the nucleus is comprised of the two nucleons, protons and neutrons. The number of protons is the atomic number. The number of protons and neutrons
More informationHOMEWORK 22-1 (pp )
CHAPTER 22 HOMEWORK 22-1 (pp. 701 702) Define. 1. nucleons 2. nuclide 3. mass defect 4. nuclear binding energy Solve. Use masses of 1.0087 amu for the neutron, 1.00728 amu for the proton, and 5.486 x 10
More informationNuclear Chemistry AP Chemistry Lecture Outline
Nuclear Chemistry AP Chemistry Lecture Outline Name: involve changes with electrons. involve changes in atomic nuclei. Spontaneously-changing nuclei emit and are said to be. Radioactivity nucleons: mass
More informationChem 1A Chapter 5 and 21 Practice Test Grosser ( )
Class: Date: Chem A Chapter 5 and 2 Practice Test Grosser (203-204) Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.. The periodic law states that the properties
More informationScience 10 Radioactivity Review v3
Class: Date: Science 10 Radioactivity Review v3 Modified True/False Indicate whether the statement is true or false. If false, change the identified word or phrase to make the statement true. 1. An atom
More informationChapter 20: Phenomena. Chapter 20: The Nucleus: A Chemist s View. Nuclear Decay. Nuclear Decay. Nuclear Decay. Nuclear Decay
Chapter 20: Phenomena Phenomena: Below is a list of stable isotopes of different elements. Examine the data and see what patterns you can identify. The mass of a electron is 0.00055 u, the mass of a proton
More informationYear 11 Physics booklet Topic 1 Atomic structure and radioactivity Name:
Year 11 Physics booklet Topic 1 Atomic structure and radioactivity Name: Atomic structure and radioactivity Give a definition for each of these key words: Atom Isotope Proton Neutron Electron Atomic nucleus
More informationTable O: Symbols Used in Nuclear Chemistry
Packet 12: NUCLEAR CHEMISTRY STABLITY OF NUCLEI Most nuclei are stable and don t change. They are found within the belt of stability. Some nuclei are unstable and break down spontaneously giving off rays
More informationParticle Physics. Question Paper 1. Save My Exams! The Home of Revision. International A Level. Exam Board Particle & Nuclear Physics
For more awesome GSE and level resources, visit us at www.savemyexams.co.uk/ Particle Physics Question Paper 1 Level International Level Subject Physics Exam oard IE Topic Particle & Nuclear Physics Sub
More informationWallace Hall Academy Physics Department. Radiation. Pupil Notes Name:
Wallace Hall Academy Physics Department Radiation Pupil Notes Name: Learning intentions for this unit? Be able to draw and label a diagram of an atom Be able to state what alpha particles, beta particles
More informationUnit 6 Nuclear Radiation Parent Guide. What is radioactivity and why are things radioactive?
Unit 6 Nuclear Radiation Parent Guide What is radioactivity and why are things radioactive? The nucleus of an atom is comprised of subatomic particles called protons and neutrons. Protons have a positive
More informationUnit 13: Nuclear Chemistry
Name Unit 13: Nuclear Chemistry Skills: 1. Review Atomic Structure 2. Determining Nuclear Stability 3. Naming and Drawing Hydrocarbons 4. Using N + O to Write Decay Equations Period 5. Solve Various Half
More informationRadioactivity Review (Chapter 7)
Science 10 Radioactivity Review (Chapter 7) 1. The alpha decay of radon-222 will yield which of the following? a. bismuth-220 c. astatine-222 b. francium-222 d. polonium-218 2. Which of the following types
More informationNumber of protons. 2. What is the nuclear symbol for a radioactive isotope of copper with a mass number of 60? A) Cu
Chapter 5 Nuclear Chemistry Practice Problems 1. Fill in the missing information in the chart: Medical Use Atomic Mass symbol number Heart imaging 201 Tl 81 Number of protons Number of neutrons Abdominal
More informationU (superscript is mass number, subscript atomic number) - radionuclides nuclei that are radioactive - radioisotopes atoms containing radionuclides
Chapter : Nuclear Chemistry. Radioactivity nucleons neutron and proton all atoms of a given element have the same number of protons, atomic number isotopes atoms with the same atomic number but different
More information... (1) What differences are there between the nucleus of a protactinium 234 (Pa 234 ) atom and the nucleus of a thorium 234 (Th 234 ) atom?...
Q1. When atoms of uranium 238 (U 234 ) decay they produce another radionuclide called thorium 234 (Th 234 ) Thorium 234 (Th 234 ) decays by emitting beta radiation. What does beta radiation consist of?...
More informationSCIENCE 10: (7.1) ATOMIC THEORY, ISOTOPES AND RADIOACTIVE DECAY Name: Date: Block: (Textbook Reference pp in BC Science 10) into an
SCIENCE 10: (7.1) ATOMIC THEORY, ISOTOPES AND RADIOACTIVE DECAY Name: Date: Block: (Textbook Reference pp. 286-301 in BC Science 10) Natural background radiation: It has the ability to interact with an
More information12) The Chemistry of Transuranium elements (1)
12 The Chemistry of Transuranium elements (1 Neptunium - first transuranium element which was discovered in 1940 (McMillan, Abelson - bombardment of uranium with thermal neutrons: - long-lived isotope:
More information