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1 SAVE PAPER AND INK!!! When you print out the notes on PowerPoint, print "Handouts" instead of "Slides" in the print setup. Also, turn off the backgrounds (Tools>Options>Print>UNcheck "Background Printing")! 1 Nuclear Chemistry
2 Radioactivity 2 One of the pieces of evidence for the fact that atoms are made of smaller particles came from the work of Marie Curie ( ). She discovered radioactivity, the spontaneous disintegration of some elements into smaller pieces.
3 Nuclear Reactions vs. Normal Chemical Changes Nuclear reactions involve the nucleus The nucleus opens, and protons and neutrons are rearranged The opening of the nucleus releases a tremendous amount of energy that holds the nucleus together called binding energy Normal Chemical Reactions involve electrons, not protons and neutrons 3
4 Mass Defect 4 Some of the mass can be converted into energy Shown by a very famous equation! E=mc 2 Energy Mass Speed of light
5 5 Types of Radiation Alpha (ά) a positively charged helium isotope - we usually ignore the charge because it involves electrons, not protons and neutrons Beta (β) an electron Gamma (γ) pure energy; called a ray rather than a particle He e
6 6 Other Nuclear Particles Neutron Positron a positive electron Proton usually referred to as hydrogen-1 1 n 0 0 1e 1 H 1 Any other elemental isotope
7 Penetrating Ability 7
8 Balancing Nuclear Reactions In the reactants (starting materials on the left side of an equation) and products (final products on the right side of an equation) 8 Atomic numbers must balance and Mass numbers must balance Use a particle or isotope to fill in the missing protons and neutrons
9 Alpha emission Nuclear Reactions 9 Note that mass number (A) goes down by 4 and atomic number (Z) goes down by 2. Nucleons (nuclear particles protons and neutrons) are rearranged but conserved
10 Beta emission Nuclear Reactions 10 Note that mass number (A) is unchanged and atomic number (Z) goes up by 1.
11 Other Types of Nuclear Reactions Positron ( 0 +1b): a positive electron Electron capture: the capture of an electron
12 12 Learning Check What radioactive isotope is produced in the following bombardment of boron? 10 B + 4 He? + 1 n 5 2 0
13 13 Write Nuclear Equations! Write the nuclear equation for the beta emitter Co-60.
14 Artificial Nuclear Reactions 14 New elements or new isotopes of known elements are produced by bombarding an atom with a subatomic particle such as a proton or neutron -- or even a much heavier particle such as 4 He and 11 B. Reactions using neutrons are called reactions because a ray is usually emitted. Radioisotopes used in medicine are often made by reactions.
15 Artificial Nuclear Reactions 15 Example of a reaction is production of radioactive 31 P for use in studies of P uptake in the body P + 1 0n ---> 32 15P +
16 Transuranium Elements 16 Elements beyond 92 (transuranium) made starting with an reaction U + 1 0n ---> U U ---> Np + 0-1b Np ---> Pu + 0-1b
17 Nuclear Fission 17
18 Nuclear Fission 18 Fission is the splitting of atoms These are usually very large, so that they are not as stable Fission chain has three general steps: 1. Initiation. Reaction of a single atom starts the chain (e.g., 235 U + neutron) 2. Propagation. 236 U fission releases neutrons that initiate other fissions 3..
19 19 Stability of Nuclei Out of > 300 stable isotopes: Z N Even Odd Even Odd P 19 9 F 2 1 H, 6 3Li, 10 5B, 14 7N, Ta
20 Band of Stability and Radioactive Decay 20
21 Representation of a fission process. 21
22 Nuclear Fission & POWER 22 Currently about 103 nuclear power plants in the U.S. and about 435 worldwide. 17% of the world s energy comes from nuclear.
23 Figure 19.6: Diagram of a nuclear power plant. 23
24 24 Nuclear Fusion Fusion small nuclei combine 2 H + 3 H 4 He + 1 n + Energy Occurs in the sun and other stars
25 25 Nuclear Fusion Nuclear fusion produces all elements heavier than helium. All elements on the periodic table are made through nuclear fusion. (combining smaller nuclei to make larger nuclei = combining smaller elements to make larger elements) Fusion reactions are typically not radioactive and produce more energy than a fission reaction.
26 26 Nuclear Fusion Fusion Excessive heat can not be contained Attempts at cold fusion have FAILED. Hot fusion is difficult to contain
27 27 Half-Life HALF-LIFE is the time that it takes for 1/2 a sample to decompose. The rate of a nuclear transformation depends only on the reactant concentration.
28 Half-Life 28 Decay of 20.0 mg of 15 O. What remains after 3 half-lives? After 5 half-lives?
29 Kinetics of Radioactive Decay 29 For each duration (half-life), one half of the substance decomposes. For example: Ra-234 has a half-life of 3.6 days If you start with 50 grams of Ra-234 After 3.6 days > 25 grams After 7.2 days > 12.5 grams After 10.8 days > 6.25 grams
30 30 Learning Check! The half life of I-123 is 13 hr. How much of a 64 mg sample of I-123 is left after 39 hours?
31 Effects of Radiation 31
32 32 Geiger Counter Used to detect radioactive substances
33 33
34 Radiocarbon Dating 34 Radioactive C-14 is formed in the upper atmosphere by nuclear reactions initiated by neutrons in cosmic radiation 14 N + 1 on ---> 14 C + 1 H The C-14 is oxidized to CO 2, which circulates through the biosphere. When a plant dies, the C-14 is not replenished. But the C-14 continues to decay with t 1/2 = 5730 years. Activity of a sample can be used to date the sample.
35 Nuclear Medicine: Imaging 35 Thyroid imaging using Tc-99m
36 36 Food Irradiation Food can be irradiated with rays from 60 Co or 137 Cs. Irradiated milk has a shelf life of 3 mo. without refrigeration. USDA has approved irradiation of meats and eggs.
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